Skills for the labor market in the Philippines
This book investigates trends in skills demand and supply over the past two decades for insights into ways to build (and use) the critical skills needed to sustain competitiveness of the Philippine economy. Part one of the book investigates trends in demand for skills in the country overall and by s...
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| Main Authors | , , |
|---|---|
| Format | eBook Book Publication |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Washington
World Bank
2010
World Bank Publications The World Bank |
| Edition | 1 |
| Series | Directions in Development - General |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISBN | 9780821384893 0821384899 |
| DOI | 10.1596/978-0-8213-8489-3 |
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| Abstract | This book investigates trends in skills demand and supply over the past two decades for insights into ways to build (and use) the critical skills needed to sustain competitiveness of the Philippine economy. Part one of the book investigates trends in demand for skills in the country overall and by sectors, explores its possible determinants, and attempts to identify emerging skills gaps. Part two turns to the analysis of the supply of skills in the country with a focus on the ability of education and training to provide highly skilled labor, keeping workers' skills updated, and providing skills development opportunities for the unskilled. It explores employers' perceptions on the quality of institutions and provides detailed analysis of the main characteristics, outcomes, and challenges in four key (or growing) subsectors of the provision of skills in the country: higher education, postsecondary technical-vocational education, non-formal secondary education, and postemployment training. It concludes with a summary of policy recommendations. |
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| AbstractList | This book investigates trends in skills demand and supply over the past two decades for insights into ways to build (and use) the critical skills needed to sustain competitiveness of the Philippine economy. Part one of the book investigates trends in demand for skills in the country overall and by sectors, explores its possible determinants, and attempts to identify emerging skills gaps. Part two turns to the analysis of the supply of skills in the country with a focus on the ability of education and training to provide highly skilled labor, keeping workers' skills updated, and providing skills development opportunities for the unskilled. It explores employers' perceptions on the quality of institutions and provides detailed analysis of the main characteristics, outcomes, and challenges in four key (or growing) subsectors of the provision of skills in the country: higher education, postsecondary technical-vocational education, non-formal secondary education, and postemployment training. It concludes with a summary of policy recommendations. The Philippines has experienced overall growth over these last twenty years, but the growth of the manufacturing sector has been sluggish and the country has lost innovation capacity. Re-gaining momentum will depend on many factors, but skills have a key role to play to support the growing service sector, help improve the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector, and, in general, enhance the long-term ability of the country to innovate and adapt and assimilate new technologies. This book analyzes the functional skills that workers need to be equipped with to be employable and support firms' competitiveness and productivity and the role of the education and training system in providing them. It is the most comprehensive attempt so far to review the skills that matter to employers using an innovative employer skill survey. The book reveals that a dramatic increase in educational attainment occurred in just under two decades in the Philippines. However, in view of the growing demand for skills, the book also makes clear that there are initial indications of emerging skills gaps, suggesting that skills are becoming a constraining factor for the economy. Several policy implications are fleshed out for the supply of skills in the country, both overall and by education and training sub-sector, which we expect to be a valuable contribution to the improvement of the education and training system. This book is primarily intended to the policy makers which shape the delivery of education and training in the Philippines and other middle-income countries. The Philippines has experienced overall growth over these last twenty years, but the growth of the manufacturing sector has been sluggish and the country has lost innovation capacity. Re-gaining momentum will depend on many factors, but skills have a key role to play to support the growing service sector, help improve the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector, and, in general, enhance the long-term ability of the country to innovate and adapt and assimilate new technologies. This book analyzes the functional skills that workers need to be equipped with to be employable and support firms’ competitiveness and productivity and the role of the Skills Development and Labor Force Training system in providing them. It is the most comprehensive attempt so far to review the skills that matter to employers using an innovative employer skill survey.The book reveals that a dramatic increase in educational attainment occurred in just under two decades in the Philippines. However, in view of the growing demand for skills, the book also makes clear that there are initial indications of emerging skills gaps, suggesting that skills are becoming a constraining factor for the economy. Several policy implications are fleshed out for the supply of skills in the country, both overall and by Skills Development and Labor Force Training sub-sector, which we expect to be a valuable contribution to the improvement of the Skills Development and Labor Force Training system. This book is primarily intended to the policy makers which shape the delivery of Skills Development and Labor Force Training in the Philippines and other middle-income countries. |
| Audience | Adult Education |
| Author | Tandon, Prateek Di Gropello, Emanuela Tan, Hong W. |
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| Keywords | LABOR PRODUCTIVITY EMIGRATION COMPETITIVENESS CURRICULUM LABOR QUALITY IN THE PHILIPPINES WAGES SKILLS IN THE PHILIPPINES EDUCATION UNEMPLOYMENT TRAINING |
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| Snippet | This book investigates trends in skills demand and supply over the past two decades for insights into ways to build (and use) the critical skills needed to... The Philippines has experienced overall growth over these last twenty years, but the growth of the manufacturing sector has been sluggish and the country has... |
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| StartPage | xxi |
| SubjectTerms | ACADEMIC SKILLS ACADEMIC SUBJECTS ACADEMIC YEAR ACCREDITATION ACCREDITATION SYSTEM ACHIEVEMENT ACTIVE LABOR ACTIVE LABOR POLICIES ADULTS ADVANCED SKILLS AGE GROUPS AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH Arbeitsmarkt BASIC EDUCATION BASIC EDUCATION SYSTEM CALL CAREER OPPORTUNITIES Change Strategies COLLEGE ENTRANCE COLLEGE GRADUATES Competitiveness CREATIVE THINKING CURRICULA CURRICULUM CURRICULUM DESIGN DECISION MAKING Delivery Systems DEMAND FOR EDUCATION DEMONSTRATION DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS DOMESTIC MARKET DRIVERS Economic Development EDUCATED WORKERS EDUCATION BUDGET EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS EDUCATION LEVEL EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SYSTEM Education systems EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Educational Change Educational Demand EDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Educational Needs EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS EMPLOYABILITY EMPLOYEE Employers EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EMPLOYMENT PERFORMANCE EMPLOYMENT RATE EMPLOYMENT STATUS ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS ESSENTIAL SKILLS FIELDS OF STUDY FIRM LEVEL FIRM PERFORMANCE FIRM SIZE FIRM SURVEY FIRM SURVEYS Foreign Countries FORMAL EDUCATION FORMAL TRAINING FUNCTIONAL SKILLS GENERIC SKILLS GER GROSS ENROLLMENT GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE HIGH SCHOOL HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS HIGHER EDUCATION QUALIFICATIONS HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES ILLITERACY ILLITERATES IN-SERVICE TRAINING INDUSTRY WAGE INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY INTERNSHIPS Job Skills JOB TRAINING JOB TURNOVER JOB VACANCIES JOBS LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE Labor Force Development LABOR MARKET Labor market -- Philippines LABOR MARKET NEEDS LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION LABOR MARKETS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY LABOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH LABOR REALLOCATION Labour market LEADERSHIP LEARNING LEARNING MODULES LEVEL OF EDUCATION LIFE SKILLS LIFELONG LEARNING LITERACY LITERACY SERVICE LITERACY SKILLS Manufacturing MATHEMATICS Needs Assessment NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS NUMERACY OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Occupational Surveys OCCUPATIONS ON-THE-JOB TRAINING PARENTAL EDUCATION PAYROLL TAXES PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICES PEDAGOGY Performance Factors PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Philippinen Philippines Policy research PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIVATE EDUCATION PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS PRIVATE PROVIDERS PRIVATE SCHOOLS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE TRAINING PRIVATE TRAINING INSTITUTIONS PROBLEM SOLVING PRODUCTION WORKERS PRODUCTIVE SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS Qualifikation QUALITY ASSURANCE QUALITY EDUCATION QUALITY OF EDUCATION RATES OF RETURN REGIONAL TRAINING RESEARCH CAPACITY RETRAINING RETURNS TO EDUCATION RISING UNEMPLOYMENT Role of Education SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS SCHOLARSHIPS SCHOOL EDUCATION SCHOOL YEARS SCHOOLING SCIENCE STUDY SECONDARY EDUCATION SECONDARY SCHOOLING SECONDARY SCHOOLS SERVICE PROVIDER SERVICE SECTOR SERVICE SECTORS SERVICE TRAINING SHORT-TERM TRAINING SKILL ACQUISITION SKILL DEVELOPMENT SKILL PREMIUM SKILL REQUIREMENTS SKILL SHORTAGES SKILL TRAINING SKILLED LABOR SKILLED WORKER SKILLED WORKERS SKILLED WORKFORCE SKILLS ACQUISITION SKILLS DEVELOPMENT SKILLS REQUIREMENTS STANDARDIZED TESTS STUDENT ENROLLMENT SUBJECT AREAS Supply and demand TEACHER TEACHER QUALIFICATION TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS TEACHING TEACHING QUALITY TECHNICAL EDUCATION TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS TERTIARY EDUCATION Textbook Content TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL WAGE TRAINEES Training TRAINING CENTER TRAINING CENTERS TRAINING COURSES TRAINING DURATION TRAINING INSTITUTIONS TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES TRAINING PLAN TRAINING PROGRAMS TRAINING SYSTEM UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT UNEMPLOYMENT RATES UNIVERSITIES UNSKILLED WORKERS VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Vocational qualifications -- Philippines VOCATIONAL SKILLS VOUCHERS WAGE BILL WAGE PREMIUM WAGE PREMIUMS YOUTH YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES |
| TableOfContents | 1.5 Returns to Individual Attributes and Education Levels -- 1.6 Rates of Return by Level of Education and Sector, 1988-2006 -- 1.7 The Most Important Employee Skills -- 2.1 Correlates of Industry and Education Wage Premiums -- 2.2 Labor Demand Model - Skilled Worker Share of Employment -- 2.3 Main Reasons for New Hires and Dismissals in Past 12 Months -- 3.1 Ranking of Most Common Job Titles in Current Vacancies -- 3.2 Educational Requirements of Current Job Vacancies -- 3.3 Educational Requirements of Current Vacancies by Sector, Size, and Export Orientation -- 3.4 Flow Data on Vacancies, Applicants, and Vacancies Filled -- 3.5 Number of Weeks to Fill Vacancies, by Occupation, Sector, and Firm Size -- 3.6 Most Common Recruiting Practices -- 3.7 Alternative Responses to Unfilled Vacancies -- 3.8 Employer Rankings of Graduate Quality by Education Level and Training (%) -- 4.1 Secondary Educational Institutions: Strengths and Weaknesses -- 4.2 Tertiary Educational Institutions: Strengths and Weaknesses -- 4.3 Postemployment Training Institutions: Strengths and Weaknesses -- 5.1 Distribution of Higher Education Institutions by Region, Sector, and Institutional Type -- 5.2 Income and Expenses, SUCs -- 5.3 Revenue, Expenditure, and Asset Structure of LUCs -- 5.4 Tertiary Enrollment in Government and Private Schools, School Years 1970-71 to 2005-06 -- 5.5 Institutions, Enrollment, and Graduates by Institutional Type and Academic Year -- 5.6 Enrollment and Graduates, by Discipline Group -- 5.7 Number of Examinees and Qualifiers in Licensure Examinations, by Calendar Year -- 5.8 Higher Education Faculty by Highest Educational Credential, Sector, 2004-05 -- 5.9 Percentage of College Graduates in the Labor Force, Employed and Unemployed, by Sex, 1985-2005 -- 5.10 Employment and Unemployment Status of College Graduates, 1988, 1995, 2000, and 2005 2.2 Changes in Work Organization Leading to Rising Skills Requirements -- 2.3 Education of New Hires and Dismissals by Exports - Manufacturing -- 2.4 Education of New Hires and Dismissals by Exports - Services -- 2.5 Education Distribution of Net Hires by Export Orientation -- 2.6 Core Skills by Export Orientation -- 3.1 Difficulty Finding the Right Skills, by Sector -- 3.2 Skills Bottlenecks in East Asia -- 3.3 Difficulty Finding the Right Skills, by Firm Size -- 3.4 Difficulty Finding the Right Skills, by Export Orientation -- 3.5 Skill Constraints and Export Orientation -- 3.6 Vacancies over the Past Year, by Sector and Occupation -- 3.7 Qualified Applicants, by Occupation and Sector -- 3.8 Gap Filling Vacancies, by Sector and Size -- 3.9 Gap Filling Vacancies, by Sector and Exports -- 3.10 Time to Fill Professional Vacancies in East Asia -- 3.11 Time to Fill Vacancies, by Firm Sector and Size -- 3.12 Time to Fill Vacancies in Manufacturing, by Size and Exports -- 3.13 Time to Fill Vacancies in Services, by Size and Exports -- 3.14 Reasons for Skills Shortages, by Sector -- 3.15 Reasons for Skills Shortage, by Manufacturing Subsector -- 3.16 Reasons for Skills Shortage, by Services Subsector -- 3.17 Reasons for Skills Shortage, by Export Orientation -- 3.18 Unemployment Rates by Age Groups, 1980-2003 -- 3.19 Unemployment Rates by Education Levels, 2006-07 -- 3.20 Highest Grade Completed at Time of Departure -- 3.21 Highest Grade Completed at Time of Departure, by Gender -- 3.22 Occupation of Emigrants before Emigration -- 3.23 Occupation of Emigrants after Emigration -- 3.24 Occupation of Emigrants before Emigration, by Gender -- 3.25 Occupation of Emigrants after Emigration, by Gender -- 3.26 Employer Quality Rankings of Public and Private Sector Graduates -- 3.27 Employer Quality Rankings of Graduates, by Sector O.2 Trends in Education Wage Premium and Skilled Workforce -- O.3 Rates of Return by Economic Sector -- O.4 Education of Net Hires by Sector and Size, 2008 -- O.5 Education of Net Hires by Export Status, 2008 -- O.6 Occupation of Emigrating Workers before Emigration -- O.7 Most Important Key Core Skills by Occupation -- O.8 Most Important Key Job-Specific Skills and Related Sources of Skills by Occupation -- O.9 Difficulty Finding the Right Skills, by Occupation and Sector -- O.10 Number of Weeks to Fill Professional Vacancies in East Asia -- O.11 Reasons for Skill Shortages, by Sector -- O.12 Unemployment Rates, by Education Levels, 2006-07 -- O.13 Gaps in Core Skills by Occupation, according to Percentage of Respondents -- O.14 Reasons for Skills Shortage by Manufacturing Subsector -- O.15 Time to Fill Vacancies in Manufacturing, by Size and Exports -- I.1 Evolution in Output per Capita within Asia -- I.2 GDP Composition by Sector, 1985-2007 -- I.3 Country Ranking according to the GCI -- I.4 Trends in Education Premiums, 1988-2006 -- I.5 Unemployment Rates by Education Levels, 2006-07 -- 1.1 Secondary Skills Share and Wage Premium -- 1.2 Tertiary Skills Share and Wage Premium -- 1.3 Education Premiums and Skilled Workforce in a Sample of East Asian Countries -- 1.4 Rates of Return by Level of Education, All Sectors -- 1.5 Rates of Return to Schooling by Sector, 1988-2006 -- 1.6 Education of New Hires and Dismissals, 2008 -- 1.7 Education of New Hires and Dismissals by Sector, 2008 -- 1.8 Educational Distribution of Net Hires, 2008 -- 1.9 Educational Distribution of Net Hires by Sector and Size, 2008 -- 1.10 Most Important Key Core Skills by Occupation -- 1.11 Key Job-Specific Skills and Related Sources of Skills by Occupation -- 1.12 Key Core Skills by Sector -- 2.1 Reasons for Rising Skills Requirements by Sector and Subsector 5.11 Distribution of Employed College Graduates by Major Occupations, 1985,1995, 2000, and 2005 Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Currency Equivalents -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Trends and Drivers of Demand for Skills -- Emerging Skills Gaps -- Weaknesses of Skill Supply and Main Policy Directions -- Notes -- References -- Introduction -- Motivation and Context -- Approach, Methodology, and Structure -- Notes -- Reference -- PART I Skills Demand in the Philippines -- Chapter 1 Skills Trends in the Philippines -- Trends in Skill Composition, Employment, and Relative Wages -- Estimates of Industry and Education Premiums -- Trends in Returns to Schooling -- Education Requirements of Employers -- Workforce Needs: New Hires and Dismissals -- Net Hires -- Skill Requirements of New Hires -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Drivers of Demand for Skills -- Correlates of Industry and Education Premiums -- Drivers of Demand for Skills in Manufacturing -- Skills, Export Orientation, and Technology in the Employer Skill Survey -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Skills Gaps -- Vacancies and Skills Gaps -- Toward a Better Understanding of Skills Gaps -- Notes -- References -- PART II Skills Supply in the Philippines -- Chapter 4 Strengths and Weaknesses of Education and Training Institutions -- Chapter 5 In-Depth Analysis of Four Key Pillars of the Supply of Skills -- The Higher Education Subsector -- Technical and Vocational Education -- Alternative Learning System -- Trends in In-Service Training -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6 Policy Implications -- General Policy Implications -- Specific Policy Recommendations -- Notes -- Appendix: Tables -- References -- Index -- Boxes -- I.1 Skills Conceptual Framework -- 1.1 The Philippines LFS Data -- 1.2 The Philippines Skills Survey -- 2.1 Overview of 2003 Philippines ICS and Methodology of Estimation -- Figures -- O.1 GDP Composition by Sector, 1985-2007 3.28 Employer Quality Rankings of Graduates, by Firm Size and Sector -- 3.29 Employer Quality Rankings of Graduates, by Ownership and Export Status -- 3.30 2003 TIMSS Math Scores across Countries of Different Income Levels -- 3.31 2003 TIMSS Science Scores across Countries of Different Income Levels -- 3.32 Main Gaps in Core Skills, by Occupation -- 3.33 Main Gaps in Core Skills, by Export Orientation -- 3.34 Key Gaps in Job-Specific Skills and Related Sources of Skills, by Occupation -- 3.35 Key Gaps in Job-Specific Skills and Related Sources of Skills, by Export Orientation -- 5.1 GER in Higher Education in East Asia, 2006 -- 5.2 Higher Education Performance Indicators, 1995-96 to 2005-06 -- 5.3 Unemployment Rates in East Asian Countries -- 5.4 Distribution of TVET Graduates by Delivery Modes, 2000-05 -- 5.5 Number of TVET Graduates by Delivery Mode, 2000-05 -- 5.6 TVET Expenditures in the Philippines, 2002 -- 5.7 TESDA Assessment and Certification, 2003-08 -- 5.8 Unemployment Rates by Age Groups, 1980-2003 -- 5.9 Unemployment Rates by Education Levels, 2006-07 -- 5.10 Percentage of Workers Needing No Training, by Education Level -- 5.11 Incidence of Training by Occupation Level, Sector, and Export Status -- 5.12 Reasons to Provide Little or No Formal Training -- 5.13 Incentives for Workers to Seek Own Training -- 5.14 Sources of In-House Training -- 5.15 Sources of External Training -- Tables -- O.1 Tertiary Level Educational Institutions: Strengths and Weaknesses -- O.2 Postemployment Training Institutions: Strengths and Weaknesses -- 1.1 Number and Educational Composition of the Employed, 1988-2006 -- 1.2 Hourly Pay and Education Premiums by Level of Education (2000 Pesos) -- 1.3 Numbers and Education Composition of the Employed, by Sector -- 1.4 Hourly Pay and Education Wage Premiums of the Employed, by Sector (2000 Pesos) |
| Title | Skills for the labor market in the Philippines |
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