Bactericidal Activity of the Human Skin Fatty Acid cis-6-Hexadecanoic Acid on Staphylococcus aureus
Human skin fatty acids are a potent aspect of our innate defenses, giving surface protection against potentially invasive organisms. They provide an important parameter in determining the ecology of the skin microflora, and alterations can lead to increased colonization by pathogens such as Staphylo...
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Published in | Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy Vol. 58; no. 7; pp. 3599 - 3609 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Washington, DC
American Society for Microbiology
01.07.2014
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Abstract | Human skin fatty acids are a potent aspect of our innate defenses, giving surface protection against potentially invasive organisms. They provide an important parameter in determining the ecology of the skin microflora, and alterations can lead to increased colonization by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Harnessing skin fatty acids may also give a new avenue of exploration in the generation of control measures against drug-resistant organisms. Despite their importance, the mechanism(s) whereby skin fatty acids kill bacteria has remained largely elusive. Here, we describe an analysis of the bactericidal effects of the major human skin fatty acid cis-6-hexadecenoic acid (C6H) on the human commensal and pathogen S. aureus. Several C6H concentration-dependent mechanisms were found. At high concentrations, C6H swiftly kills cells associated with a general loss of membrane integrity. However, C6H still kills at lower concentrations, acting through disruption of the proton motive force, an increase in membrane fluidity, and its effects on electron transfer. The design of analogues with altered bactericidal effects has begun to determine the structural constraints on activity and paves the way for the rational design of new antistaphylococcal agents. |
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AbstractList | ABSTRACT
Human skin fatty acids are a potent aspect of our innate defenses, giving surface protection against potentially invasive organisms. They provide an important parameter in determining the ecology of the skin microflora, and alterations can lead to increased colonization by pathogens such as
Staphylococcus aureus
. Harnessing skin fatty acids may also give a new avenue of exploration in the generation of control measures against drug-resistant organisms. Despite their importance, the mechanism(s) whereby skin fatty acids kill bacteria has remained largely elusive. Here, we describe an analysis of the bactericidal effects of the major human skin fatty acid
cis
-6-hexadecenoic acid (C6H) on the human commensal and pathogen
S. aureus
. Several C6H concentration-dependent mechanisms were found. At high concentrations, C6H swiftly kills cells associated with a general loss of membrane integrity. However, C6H still kills at lower concentrations, acting through disruption of the proton motive force, an increase in membrane fluidity, and its effects on electron transfer. The design of analogues with altered bactericidal effects has begun to determine the structural constraints on activity and paves the way for the rational design of new antistaphylococcal agents. Human skin fatty acids are a potent aspect of our innate defenses, giving surface protection against potentially invasive organisms. They provide an important parameter in determining the ecology of the skin microflora, and alterations can lead to increased colonization by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus . Harnessing skin fatty acids may also give a new avenue of exploration in the generation of control measures against drug-resistant organisms. Despite their importance, the mechanism(s) whereby skin fatty acids kill bacteria has remained largely elusive. Here, we describe an analysis of the bactericidal effects of the major human skin fatty acid cis -6-hexadecenoic acid (C6H) on the human commensal and pathogen S. aureus . Several C6H concentration-dependent mechanisms were found. At high concentrations, C6H swiftly kills cells associated with a general loss of membrane integrity. However, C6H still kills at lower concentrations, acting through disruption of the proton motive force, an increase in membrane fluidity, and its effects on electron transfer. The design of analogues with altered bactericidal effects has begun to determine the structural constraints on activity and paves the way for the rational design of new antistaphylococcal agents. Human skin fatty acids are a potent aspect of our innate defenses, giving surface protection against potentially invasive organisms. They provide an important parameter in determining the ecology of the skin microflora, and alterations can lead to increased colonization by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Harnessing skin fatty acids may also give a new avenue of exploration in the generation of control measures against drug-resistant organisms. Despite their importance, the mechanism(s) whereby skin fatty acids kill bacteria has remained largely elusive. Here, we describe an analysis of the bactericidal effects of the major human skin fatty acid cis-6-hexadecenoic acid (C6H) on the human commensal and pathogen S. aureus. Several C6H concentration-dependent mechanisms were found. At high concentrations, C6H swiftly kills cells associated with a general loss of membrane integrity. However, C6H still kills at lower concentrations, acting through disruption of the proton motive force, an increase in membrane fluidity, and its effects on electron transfer. The design of analogues with altered bactericidal effects has begun to determine the structural constraints on activity and paves the way for the rational design of new antistaphylococcal agents. |
Author | HURD, Alexander SAHL, Hans-Georg JOSTEN, Michaele ENGLAND, Simon R TURNER, Robert CHIRIAC, Alina Iulia RAUTER, Yvonne JONES, Simon CARTRON, Michaël L FOSTER, Simon J |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Michaël L surname: CARTRON fullname: CARTRON, Michaël L organization: The Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom – sequence: 2 givenname: Simon R surname: ENGLAND fullname: ENGLAND, Simon R organization: Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United Kingdom – sequence: 3 givenname: Alina Iulia surname: CHIRIAC fullname: CHIRIAC, Alina Iulia organization: Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Michaele surname: JOSTEN fullname: JOSTEN, Michaele organization: Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany – sequence: 5 givenname: Robert surname: TURNER fullname: TURNER, Robert organization: The Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom – sequence: 6 givenname: Yvonne surname: RAUTER fullname: RAUTER, Yvonne organization: The Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom – sequence: 7 givenname: Alexander surname: HURD fullname: HURD, Alexander organization: The Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom – sequence: 8 givenname: Hans-Georg surname: SAHL fullname: SAHL, Hans-Georg organization: Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany – sequence: 9 givenname: Simon surname: JONES fullname: JONES, Simon organization: Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United Kingdom – sequence: 10 givenname: Simon J surname: FOSTER fullname: FOSTER, Simon J organization: Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United Kingdom |
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Issue | 7 |
Keywords | Human Lipids Fatty acids Biological activity Infection Bacteriosis Bacteria Micrococcales Micrococcaceae Skin Antibacterial agent Staphylococcal infection Staphylococcus aureus |
Language | English |
License | CC BY 4.0 Copyright © 2014 Cartron et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 Present address: Yvonne Rauter, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. |
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PublicationTitle | Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy |
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Snippet | Human skin fatty acids are a potent aspect of our innate defenses, giving surface protection against potentially invasive organisms. They provide an important... ABSTRACT Human skin fatty acids are a potent aspect of our innate defenses, giving surface protection against potentially invasive organisms. They provide an... |
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SubjectTerms | Adenosine Triphosphate - metabolism Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Bacterial diseases Biological and medical sciences Cell Membrane Permeability - drug effects Drug Resistance, Bacterial Electron Transport - drug effects Human bacterial diseases Humans Infectious diseases Liposomes Mechanisms of Action: Physiological Effects Medical sciences Membrane Fluidity - drug effects Membrane Potentials - drug effects Microbial Sensitivity Tests Palmitic Acid Palmitic Acid - antagonists & inhibitors Palmitic Acid - chemistry Palmitic Acid - pharmacology Pharmacology. Drug treatments Polymerization Skin Skin - chemistry Staphylococcal infections, streptococcal infections, pneumococcal infections Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus - drug effects |
Title | Bactericidal Activity of the Human Skin Fatty Acid cis-6-Hexadecanoic Acid on Staphylococcus aureus |
URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24709265 https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AAC.01043-13 https://search.proquest.com/docview/1547866866 https://search.proquest.com/docview/1549631490 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4068517 |
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