Oral health behavior as a risk factor for high urinary sodium among Korean women
Background and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity and oral health behavior using nationally representative data. Methods and Study Design: Data from the Korea Nat...
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| Published in | Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol. 27; no. 3; pp. 671 - 680 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Australia
HEC Press
01.05.2018
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| Subjects | |
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| Abstract | Background and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity and oral health behavior using nationally representative data.
Methods and Study Design: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used; the sample analyzed in this study consisted a total of 15,013 respondents over 19 years old who had no missing values for the urinalysis or outcome variables. Urinary sodium was significantly lower in fem ales (p < 0.05).
Results: The rate of hypertension and diabetes was significantly lower in women (p < 0.05). Adjusted odds ratios of urinary sodium and their 95% confidence intervals in relation to the frequency of tooth brushing (≤1, 2, and ≥3 times per day, respectively) were 1, 0.898 (0.704, 1.145), and 0.734 (0.573, 0.939) for women (p < 0.05). This association between sodium uptake and oral health behavior was independent of various potential confounding factors such as age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise, diabetes, and hypertension.
Conclusions: Poor oral health behavior was associated with higher sodium consumption in women. Oral health behavior may be considered an independent risk indicator for high urinary sodium in Korean women |
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| AbstractList | Key Words: epidemiology, dietary sodium, kidney diseases, oral health, urinalysis INTRODUCTION Use of urinalysis was considered an important part of diagnosis for the physician.1 Urinary sodium was considered an indicator of dietary sodium intake.2 The clinical value of urinary sodium/creatinine and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity in general medical facilities were suggested, and previous reports utilized urinary sodium/creatinine and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity unit ratio from spot urine.3 Previous research proposed the relationships between behavioral changes and the associated health outcomes.4-5 Previous reported evaluated uptake of dietary sodium by overweight and obese patients after cardiac revascularization and it was shown that the participants failed to adhere to the sodium restriction guidelines.4 Previous studies examined the interrelations among a variety of healthenhancing behaviors, including regular tooth brushing.6 It was shown that regular tooth brushing is one way to empower good lifestyle habits, and it was suggested that oral health behavior be included in health promotion strategies.6-7 The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity and oral health behavior using nationally representative data. A blood sample was collected from the antecubital vein of each individual after fasting for more than eight hours, and concentrations of serum-fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured with a Hitachi 7600 automated chemistry analyzer (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) by enzymatic methods using commercially available kits (Daiichi, Tokyo, Japan) within 24 hours of transportation.11 Description of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and hypertension Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement criteria for Asians.12 Three or more of the following criteria should be fulfilled to be diagnosed as metabolic syndrome: waist circumference is 90 cm or greater in men and 80 cm or greater in women; fasting triglycerides is 150 mg/dL or greater, or lipidlowering medication is used; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is lower than 40 mg/dL in men and lower than 50 mg/dL in women or controlled by cholesterol-lowering medication; blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg or greater, or hypertension medication is used; and fasting blood glucose is 100 mg/dL or greater, or diabetes medication is used.13 Diabetes is defined as fasting blood sugar greater than 126 mg/dL or when the individual was currently using anti-diabetic medications.14 Hypertension was diagnosed if systolic blood pressure was greater than 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure was greater than 90 mm Hg, or systemic antihypertensive drugs were being used.15-16 Hypertension was defined as an average BP >140/90 mm Hg or if the individuals were taking antihypertensive medication. Urinary sodium excretion was reduced in those advised to limit their sodium intake as compared with controls.18 Restricting sodium intake over short periods of time reduces blood pressure.18 A previous report showed that the majority of children had sodium salt intakes exceeding the recommended daily upper limit.19 Dietary sodium excess and potassium deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension independent of cardiovascular risk factors.20 This study suggested that gender specific association between oral health behavior and urinary sodium level. Sodium uptake may be evaluated using various methods including dietary survey and urinalysis.2,25 A diet low in sodium is recommended, but compliance with this diet is poor, probably because of dietary intake underestimation from dietary recall.25 It was reported that 24-hour urinary sodium excretion is more accurate to assess sodium intake than dietary recall,25 but 24-hour urine sampling is difficult to perform.26 Previous studies that tested 24-hour urinary sodium excretion did so by estimating from a spot urine,27 and modification was performed using creatinine or specific gravity.3 Likewise, protein and albumin excretion were corrected by creatinine and specific gravity.28 The previous researchers suggested that sodium/creatinine ratio in spot urine is practical and is suitable for general medical facilities.26 Dividing the albumin or protein concentrations by the creatinine concentration is shown to reduce the number of false negative protein and albumin results.28 Urine specific gravity is often used by clinicians to estimate urine osmolality and is reported to provide a reliable assessment of the patient's hydration status.29-30 Dividing the albumin or protein values by specific gravity reduced the number of false negatives.28 Urine specific gravity is measured either by refractometry or by reagent strip.30 A previous report showed that dipstick measurements of urine specific gravity may be unreliable and that refractometry gives reliable urine specific gravity results.31 The present study used refractometry to obtain urine specific gravity. Background and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity and oral health behavior using nationally representative data. Methods and Study Design: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used; the sample analyzed in this study consisted a total of 15,013 respondents over 19 years old who had no missing values for the urinalysis or outcome variables. Urinary sodium was significantly lower in fem ales (p < 0.05). Results: The rate of hypertension and diabetes was significantly lower in women (p < 0.05). Adjusted odds ratios of urinary sodium and their 95% confidence intervals in relation to the frequency of tooth brushing (≤1, 2, and ≥3 times per day, respectively) were 1, 0.898 (0.704, 1.145), and 0.734 (0.573, 0.939) for women (p < 0.05). This association between sodium uptake and oral health behavior was independent of various potential confounding factors such as age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise, diabetes, and hypertension. Conclusions: Poor oral health behavior was associated with higher sodium consumption in women. Oral health behavior may be considered an independent risk indicator for high urinary sodium in Korean women Background and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity and oral health behavior using nationally representative data. Methods and Study Design: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used; the sample analyzed in this study consisted a total of 15,013 respondents over 19 years old who had no missing values for the urinalysis or outcome variables. Urinary sodium was significantly lower in females (p＜0.05). Results: The rate of hypertension and diabetes was significantly lower in females (p＜0.05). Adjusted odds ratios of urinary sodium and their 95% confidence intervals in relation to the frequency of tooth brushing (≤1, 2, and ≥3 times per day, respectively) were 1, 0.898 (0.704, 1.145), and 0.734 (0.573, 0.939) for females (p＜0.05). This association between sodium uptake and oral health behavior was independent of various potential confounding factors such as age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise, diabetes, and hypertension. Conclusions: Poor oral health behavior was associated with higher sodium consumption in females. Oral health behavior may be considered an independent risk indicator for high urinary sodium in Korean females. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity and oral health behavior using nationally representative data. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used; the sample analyzed in this study consisted a total of 15,013 respondents over 19 years old who had no missing values for the urinalysis or outcome variables. Urinary sodium was significantly lower in fem ales (p<0.05). The rate of hypertension and diabetes was significantly lower in women (p<0.05). Adjusted odds ratios of urinary sodium and their 95% confidence intervals in relation to the frequency of tooth brushing (≤1, 2, and ≥3 times per day, respectively) were 1, 0.898 (0.704, 1.145), and 0.734 (0.573, 0.939) for women (p<0.05). This association between sodium uptake and oral health behavior was independent of various potential confounding factors such as age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise, diabetes, and hypertension. Poor oral health behavior was associated with higher sodium consumption in women. Oral health behavior may be considered an independent risk indicator for high urinary sodium in Korean women. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity and oral health behavior using nationally representative data.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary sodium/urine specific gravity and oral health behavior using nationally representative data.Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used; the sample analyzed in this study consisted a total of 15,013 respondents over 19 years old who had no missing values for the urinalysis or outcome variables. Urinary sodium was significantly lower in fem ales (p<0.05).METHODS AND STUDY DESIGNData from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used; the sample analyzed in this study consisted a total of 15,013 respondents over 19 years old who had no missing values for the urinalysis or outcome variables. Urinary sodium was significantly lower in fem ales (p<0.05).The rate of hypertension and diabetes was significantly lower in women (p<0.05). Adjusted odds ratios of urinary sodium and their 95% confidence intervals in relation to the frequency of tooth brushing (≤1, 2, and ≥3 times per day, respectively) were 1, 0.898 (0.704, 1.145), and 0.734 (0.573, 0.939) for women (p<0.05). This association between sodium uptake and oral health behavior was independent of various potential confounding factors such as age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise, diabetes, and hypertension.RESULTSThe rate of hypertension and diabetes was significantly lower in women (p<0.05). Adjusted odds ratios of urinary sodium and their 95% confidence intervals in relation to the frequency of tooth brushing (≤1, 2, and ≥3 times per day, respectively) were 1, 0.898 (0.704, 1.145), and 0.734 (0.573, 0.939) for women (p<0.05). This association between sodium uptake and oral health behavior was independent of various potential confounding factors such as age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise, diabetes, and hypertension.Poor oral health behavior was associated with higher sodium consumption in women. Oral health behavior may be considered an independent risk indicator for high urinary sodium in Korean women.CONCLUSIONSPoor oral health behavior was associated with higher sodium consumption in women. Oral health behavior may be considered an independent risk indicator for high urinary sodium in Korean women. |
| Author | Kyungdo Han Youngkyung Ko Jun-Beom Park NamRyang Kim Yong-Gyu Park |
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29737816$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Background and Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary... The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between urinary sodium, urinary sodium/creatinine, and urinary sodium/urine specific... Key Words: epidemiology, dietary sodium, kidney diseases, oral health, urinalysis INTRODUCTION Use of urinalysis was considered an important part of diagnosis... |
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| SubjectTerms | Alcohol Analysis Body mass index Care and hygiene Cholesterol Diabetes Diagnosis Disease prevention Diseases Evaluation Exercise Fasting Gender differences Health behavior Hypertension Kidneys Lifestyles Metabolic syndrome Metabolism Mouth Nutrition Oral hygiene Physical fitness Potassium Public health Review boards Smoking Sodium Studies Teeth Triglycerides Urine Womens health |
| Title | Oral health behavior as a risk factor for high urinary sodium among Korean women |
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