Precise Clock Synchronization in the Readout Electronics of WCDA in LHAASO
The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is one of the key parts in the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). In the WCDA, 3600 Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) and the Front End Electronics (FEEs) are scattered within a 90000 m2 area, while a time measurement resolution better than 0.5...
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Abstract | The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is one of the key parts in the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). In the WCDA, 3600 Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) and the Front End Electronics (FEEs) are scattered within a 90000 m2 area, while a time measurement resolution better than 0.5 ns is required in the readout electronics. To achieve such time measurement precision, high quality clock distribution and synchronization among the 400 FEEs (each FEE for 9 PMTs readout) is required. To simplify the electronics system architecture, data, commands, and clock are transmitted simultaneously through fibers over a 400-meter distance between FEEs and the Clock and Data Transfer Modules (CDTMs). In this article, we propose a new method based on the White Rabbit (WR) to achieve completely automatic clock phase alignment between different FEEs. The original WR is enhanced to overcome the clock delay fluctuations due to ambient temperature variations. This paper presents the general scheme, the design of prototype electronics, and initial test results. These indicate that a clock synchronization precision better than 50 ps is achieved over 1 km fibers, which is well beyond the application requirement. |
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AbstractList | IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 62, No. 6, Dec. 2015,
pp. 3249-3255 The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is one of the key parts in the
Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). In the WCDA, 3600
Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) and the Front End Electronics (FEEs) are scattered
within a 90000 m2 area, while a time measurement resolution better than 0.5 ns
is required in the readout electronics. To achieve such time measurement
precision, high quality clock distribution and synchronization among the 400
FEEs (each FEE for 9 PMTs readout) is required. To simplify the electronics
system architecture, data, commands, and clock are transmitted simultaneously
through fibers over a 400-meter distance between FEEs and the Clock and Data
Transfer Modules (CDTMs). In this article, we propose a new method based on the
White Rabbit (WR) to achieve completely automatic clock phase alignment between
different FEEs. The original WR is enhanced to overcome the clock delay
fluctuations due to ambient temperature variations. This paper presents the
general scheme, the design of prototype electronics, and initial test results.
These indicate that a clock synchronization precision better than 50 ps is
achieved over 1 km fibers, which is well beyond the application requirement. The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is one of the key parts in the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). In the WCDA, 3600 Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) and the Front End Electronics (FEEs) are scattered within a 90000 m2 area, while a time measurement resolution better than 0.5 ns is required in the readout electronics. To achieve such time measurement precision, high quality clock distribution and synchronization among the 400 FEEs (each FEE for 9 PMTs readout) is required. To simplify the electronics system architecture, data, commands, and clock are transmitted simultaneously through fibers over a 400-meter distance between FEEs and the Clock and Data Transfer Modules (CDTMs). In this article, we propose a new method based on the White Rabbit (WR) to achieve completely automatic clock phase alignment between different FEEs. The original WR is enhanced to overcome the clock delay fluctuations due to ambient temperature variations. This paper presents the general scheme, the design of prototype electronics, and initial test results. These indicate that a clock synchronization precision better than 50 ps is achieved over 1 km fibers, which is well beyond the application requirement. |
Author | Chu, Shaoping Ma, Cong An, Qi Yang, Yunfan Gao, Xingshun Zhao, Lei Liu, Shubin |
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BackLink | https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2015.2484381$$DView published paper (Access to full text may be restricted) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1907.10314$$DView paper in arXiv |
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Snippet | The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is one of the key parts in the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). In the WCDA, 3600 Photomultiplier... IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 62, No. 6, Dec. 2015, pp. 3249-3255 The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is one of the key parts in the Large... |
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SubjectTerms | Ambient temperature Cerenkov counters Clock synchronization Computer architecture Cosmic ray showers Data transfer (computers) Electronics High altitude Photomultiplier tubes Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors Time measurement Variations |
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Title | Precise Clock Synchronization in the Readout Electronics of WCDA in LHAASO |
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