Use-Phase Drives Lithium-Ion Battery Life Cycle Environmental Impacts When Used for Frequency Regulation

• Published in: Environmental science & technology Vol. 52; no. 17; pp. 10163 - 10174
• Main Authors: Ryan, Nicole A, Lin, Yashen, Mitchell-Ward, Noah, Mathieu, Johanna L, Johnson, Jeremiah X
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 04.09.2018; American Chemical Society (ACS)
• Subjects: 30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION; Batteries; Battery cycles; battery storage systems; cradle-to-gate; Electricity; Electricity pricing; energy; Energy consumption; ENERGY STORAGE; Environmental impact; fuels; Generators; Life cycle analysis; Life cycle assessment; Life cycle engineering; Life cycles; Lithium; lithium batteries; Lithium-ion batteries; prices; Product life cycle; Rechargeable batteries; Response time; Storage systems; Unit commitment

Battery storage systems are attractive alternatives to conventional generators for frequency regulation due to their fast response time, high cycle efficiency, flexible scale, and decreasing cost. However, their implementation does not consistently reduce environmental impacts. To assess these impac...