Use-Phase Drives Lithium-Ion Battery Life Cycle Environmental Impacts When Used for Frequency Regulation - Ryan, Nicole A; Lin, Yashen; Mitchell-Ward, Noah; Mathieu, Johanna L; Johnson, Jeremiah X (Environmental science & technology, 2018)
Keywords: 30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION; Batteries; Battery cycles; battery storage systems; cradle-to-gate; Electricity; Electricity pricing; energy; Energy consumption; ENERGY STORAGE; Environmental impact; fuels; Generators; Life cycle analysis; Life cycle assessment; Life cycle engineering; Life cycles; Lithium; lithium batteries; Lithium-ion batteries; prices; Product life cycle; Rechargeable batteries; Response time; Storage systems; Unit commitment