Global distribution of carbonate rocks and karst water resources

Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing po...

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Published inHydrogeology journal Vol. 28; no. 5; pp. 1661 - 1677
Main Authors Goldscheider, Nico, Chen, Zhao, Auler, Augusto S., Bakalowicz, Michel, Broda, Stefan, Drew, David, Hartmann, Jens, Jiang, Guanghui, Moosdorf, Nils, Stevanovic, Zoran, Veni, George
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.08.2020
Springer Nature B.V
Springer Verlag
Subjects
Aquatic Pollution
Aquifers
Arid climates
Aridity
Asia
Biodiversity
Carbonate rocks
Carbonates
Climatic zones
Coastal zone
cold
Cultural resources
Earth and Environmental Science
Earth Sciences
Environmental Sciences
Europe
Evaporites
Freshwater
Geographical distribution
Geology
Geophysics/Geodesy
Hydrogeology
Hydrology
Hydrology/Water Resources
Inland water environment
Karst
karsts
Mountains
Natural resources
North America
people
Polar climates
Sciences of the Universe
spatial data
Temperate climates
topography
Tropical climate
Tropical climates
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
Water Quality/Water Pollution
Water resources
Asia
Europe
North America
Global mapping
Karst
Water resources
Carbonate rock
Geographic information systems
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1431-2174
1435-0157
DOI10.1007/s10040-020-02139-5

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Abstract Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing potential karst aquifers. This study presents a statistical evaluation of WOKAM, focusing entirely on karst in carbonate rocks and addressing four main aspects: (1) global occurrence and geographic distribution of karst; (2) karst in various topographic settings and coastal areas; (3) karst in different climatic zones; and (4) populations living on karst. According to the analysis, 15.2% of the global ice-free continental surface is characterized by the presence of karstifiable carbonate rock. The largest percentage is in Europe (21.8%); the largest absolute area occurs in Asia (8.35 million km 2 ). Globally, 31.1% of all surface exposures of carbonate rocks occur in plains, 28.1% in hills and 40.8% in mountains, and 151,400 km or 15.7% of marine coastlines are characterized by carbonate rocks. About 34.2% of all carbonate rocks occur in arid climates, followed by 28.2% in cold and 15.9% in temperate climates, whereas only 13.1 and 8.6% occur in tropical and polar climates, respectively. Globally, 1.18 billion people (16.5% of the global population) live on karst. The highest absolute number occurs in Asia (661.7 million), whereas the highest percentages are in Europe (25.3%) and North America (23.5%). These results demonstrate the global importance of karst and serve as a basis for further research and international water management strategies.
AbstractList Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing potential karst aquifers. This study presents a statistical evaluation of WOKAM, focusing entirely on karst in carbonate rocks and addressing four main aspects: (1) global occurrence and geographic distribution of karst; (2) karst in various topographic settings and coastal areas; (3) karst in different climatic zones; and (4) populations living on karst. According to the analysis, 15.2% of the global ice-free continental surface is characterized by the presence of karstifiable carbonate rock. The largest percentage is in Europe (21.8%); the largest absolute area occurs in Asia (8.35 million km2). Globally, 31.1% of all surface exposures of carbonate rocks occur in plains, 28.1% in hills and 40.8% in mountains, and 151,400 km or 15.7% of marine coastlines are characterized by carbonate rocks. About 34.2% of all carbonate rocks occur in arid climates, followed by 28.2% in cold and 15.9% in temperate climates, whereas only 13.1 and 8.6% occur in tropical and polar climates, respectively. Globally, 1.18 billion people (16.5% of the global population) live on karst. The highest absolute number occurs in Asia (661.7 million), whereas the highest percentages are in Europe (25.3%) and North America (23.5%). These results demonstrate the global importance of karst and serve as a basis for further research and international water management strategies.
Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing potential karst aquifers. This study presents a statistical evaluation of WOKAM, focusing entirely on karst in carbonate rocks and addressing four main aspects: (1) global occurrence and geographic distribution of karst; (2) karst in various topographic settings and coastal areas; (3) karst in different climatic zones; and (4) populations living on karst. According to the analysis, 15.2% of the global ice-free continental surface is characterized by the presence of karstifiable carbonate rock. The largest percentage is in Europe (21.8%); the largest absolute area occurs in Asia (8.35 million km²). Globally, 31.1% of all surface exposures of carbonate rocks occur in plains, 28.1% in hills and 40.8% in mountains, and 151,400 km or 15.7% of marine coastlines are characterized by carbonate rocks. About 34.2% of all carbonate rocks occur in arid climates, followed by 28.2% in cold and 15.9% in temperate climates, whereas only 13.1 and 8.6% occur in tropical and polar climates, respectively. Globally, 1.18 billion people (16.5% of the global population) live on karst. The highest absolute number occurs in Asia (661.7 million), whereas the highest percentages are in Europe (25.3%) and North America (23.5%). These results demonstrate the global importance of karst and serve as a basis for further research and international water management strategies.
Karstregionen beinhalten eine Vielzahl natürlicher Ressourcen, wie Süßwasser und Biodiversität, sowie zahlreiche kulturelle und historische Ressourcen. Die Welt-Karstaquifer-Karte (WOKAM) ist die erste detaillierte und vollständige globale Datenbasis über die Verbreitung von verkarstungsfähigen Gesteinen (Carbonate und Evaporite), welche potentielle Karstaquifere darstellen. Diese Studie präsentiert eine statistische Auswertung von WOKAM, mit dem Fokus auf Karst in Carbonatgesteinen, und adressiert vier wesentliche Aspekte: (i) globales Vorkommen und geografische Verteilung von Karst; (ii) Karst in verschiedenen topografischen Settings und in Küstengebieten; (iii) Karst in verschiedenen Klimazonen; und (iv) Bevölkerung in Karstgebieten. Die Analyse ergibt, dass 15,2 % der globalen, eisfreien Kontinentalfläche durch Carbonatgesteine charakterisiert sind. Der höchste prozentuale Anteil tritt in Europa auf (21,8 %); die größte absolute Fläche in Asien (8,35 Mio. km²). Weltweit treten 31,1 % aller anstehenden Carbonatgesteine in Ebenen auf, 28,1 % im Hügelland und 40,8 % in Gebirgen; 151,400 km oder 15,7 % der globalen marinen Küstenlinie wird von Carbonatgesteinen geprägt. Etwa 34,2 % aller Carbonatgesteine kommen im ariden Klima vor, gefolgt von 28,2 % in kalten und 15,9 % in gemäßigten Klimaten, während nur 13,1 % bzw. 8,6 % im tropischen bzw. polaren Klima anzutreffen sind. Global leben etwa 1,18 Milliarden Menschen (16,5 % der Weltbevölkerung) in Karstgebieten. Die höchste absolute Anzahl wurde in Asien ermittelt (661,7 Mio.), während die höchsten prozentualen Anteile in Europa (25,3 %) und Nordamerika (23,5 %) auftreten. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen die globale Bedeutung von Karst und dienen als Basis für weitere Forschung und internationale Wassermanagement-Strategien. Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing potential karst aquifers. This study presents a statistical evaluation of WOKAM, focusing entirely on karst in carbonate rocks and addressing four main aspects: (1) global occurrence and geographic distribution of karst; (2) karst in various topographic settings and coastal areas; (3) karst in different climatic zones; and (4) populations living on karst. According to the analysis, 15.2% of the global ice-free continental surface is characterized by the presence of karstifiable carbonate rock. The largest percentage is in Europe (21.8%); the largest absolute area occurs in Asia (8.35 million km 2 ). Globally, 31.1% of all surface exposures of carbonate rocks occur in plains, 28.1% in hills and 40.8% in mountains, and 151,400 km or 15.7% of marine coastlines are characterized by carbonate rocks. About 34.2% of all carbonate rocks occur in arid climates, followed by 28.2% in cold and 15.9% in temperate climates, whereas only 13.1 and 8.6% occur in tropical and polar climates, respectively. Globally, 1.18 billion people (16.5% of the global population) live on karst. The highest absolute number occurs in Asia (661.7 million), whereas the highest percentages are in Europe (25.3%) and North America (23.5%). These results demonstrate the global importance of karst and serve as a basis for further research and international water management strategies. Las regiones kársticas ofrecen una variedad de recursos naturales, como agua dulce y biodiversidad, y muchos recursos culturales. El Mapa Mundial de Acuíferos Kársticos (WOKAM) es la primera base de datos geológicos mundial detallada y completa sobre la distribución de las rocas kársticas (carbonatos y evaporitas) que representan potenciales acuíferos kársticos. Este estudio presenta una evaluación estadística de WOKAM, centrada enteramente en el karst en las rocas carbonatadas y que aborda cuatro aspectos principales: (1) presencia mundial y distribución geográfica del karst; (2) el karst en diversos entornos topográficos y zonas costeras; (3) el karst en diferentes zonas climáticas; y (4) las poblaciones que viven en el karst. Según el análisis, el 15.2% de la superficie continental mundial libre de hielo se caracteriza por la presencia de roca carbonatadas kársticas. El mayor porcentaje se localiza en Europa (21.8%); la mayor superficie absoluta se encuentra en Asia (8.35 millones de km 2 ). A nivel mundial, el 31.1% de todas las exposiciones de superficie de rocas carbonatadas se dan en llanuras, el 28.1% en colinas y el 40.8% en montañas, y 151,400 km o el 15.7% de las costas marinas se caracterizan por rocas carbonatadas. Alrededor del 34.2% de todas las rocas carbonatadas se encuentran en climas áridos, seguidos del 28.2% en climas fríos y el 15.9% en climas templados, mientras que sólo el 13.1 y el 8.6% se encuentran en climas tropicales y polares, respectivamente. A nivel mundial, 1.180 millones de personas (16,5% de la población mundial) viven en el karst. La cifra absoluta más elevada se da en Asia (661.7 millones), mientras que los porcentajes más altos se dan en Europa (25.3%) y América del Norte (23.5%). Estos resultados demuestran la importancia mundial del karst y sirven de base para nuevas investigaciones y estrategias internacionales de gestión de los recursos hídricos. Les régions karstiques offrent une variété de ressources naturelles, telles que l’eau douce et la biodiversité, ainsi que de nombreuses ressources culturelles. La carte mondiale des aquifères karstiques (WOKAM) est. la première base de données géologiques mondiale détaillée et complète concernant la répartition des roches karstifiables (carbonates et évaporites) représentant les aquifères karstiques potentiels. Cette étude présente une évaluation statistique de WOKAM, entièrement axée sur le karst dans les roches carbonatées et abordant quatre aspects principaux: (1) la présence mondiale et la distribution géographique du karst; (2) le karst dans divers contextes topographiques et dans les zones côtières; (3) le karst dans différentes zones climatiques; et (4) les populations vivant sur le karst. Selon l’analyse, 15.2% de la surface continentale libre de glace dans le monde est. caractérisée par la présence de roches carbonatées karstifiables. Le plus grand pourcentage se trouve en Europe (21.8%); la plus grande superficie absolue se trouve en Asie (8.35 millions de km 2 ). À l’échelle mondiale, 31.1% de toutes les expositions de surface des roches carbonatées se trouvent dans les plaines, 28.1% dans les collines et 40.8% dans les montagnes, et 151,400 km ou 15.7% des côtes marines sont caractérisées par des roches carbonatées. Environ 34.2% de toutes les roches carbonatées se trouvent sous les climats arides, suivies par 28.2% sous les climats froids et 15.9% sous les climats tempérés, alors que seulement 13.1 et 8.6% se trouvent sous les climats tropicaux et polaires, respectivement. À l’échelle mondiale, 1.18 milliard de personnes (16.5% de la population mondiale) vivent sur le karst. Le nombre absolu le plus élevé se trouve en Asie (661.7 millions), tandis que les pourcentages les plus élevés se trouvent en Europe (25.3%) et en Amérique du Nord (23,5%). Ces résultats démontrent l’importance mondiale du karst et servent de base à la poursuite des recherches et aux stratégies internationales de gestion de l’eau. Karstne oblasti karakteriše prisustvo raznovrsnih prirodnih resursa, kvalitetnih voda i predstavnika biodiverziteta, kao i objekata kulturne vrednosti. Svetska karta karstnih izdani (akvifera) proizašla iz projekta WOKAM, sadrži prvu kompletiranu bazu geo-podataka, koja uključuje rasprostranjenje karbonatnih stena (karbonati i evaporiti) koji predstavljaju i potencijalne karstne izdani. Ovaj rad prikazuje statističke podatke WOKAM baze, fokusirane na četiri glavna aspekta u vezi sa karbonatnim stenama: (1) glavne pojave i geografsko rasprostranjenje karsta; (2) karst u različitim orografskim i primorskim oblastima; (3) karst u različitim klimatskim zonama; (4) stanovništvo koje naseljava karstne oblasti. Prema ovim analizama, 15.2% površine svih kontinenata, izvan područja stalnog leda, karakteriše prisustvo karstifikovanih karbonatnih stena. Najveći procenat učešća karsta je u Evropi (21.8%), dok su najveće površine pod karstom u Aziji (8.35 milion km 2 ). Na globalnom nivou, 31.1% karbonatnih stena nalazi se u ravnicama, 28.1% je u brdskim, a 40.8% u planinskim oblastima. Oko 151,400 km ili 15.7% morskih obala karakteriše prisustvo karbonatnih stena. Oko 34.2% svih karbonatnih stena nalazi se u oblastima sa aridnom klimom, dok je 28.2% u oblastima hladnih, i 15.9% toplih klimatskih pojaseva. Samo 13.1% karsta nalazi se u tropskim, odnosno 8.6% u polarnim oblastima. Oko 1.18 milijardi ljudi (16.5% svetske populacije) živi na karstu. Najveći broj je u Aziji (661.7 milion), dok je procentualno najveća zastupljenost u Evropi (25.3%) i Severnoj Americi (23.5%). Ovi rezultati ukazuju na globalni značaj karsta i služe kao osnova za buduća istraživanja i razvoj medjunarodne strategije vodnog menadžmenta. Regiões cársticas apresentam múltiplos recursos naturais, como águas superficiais e biodiversidade, além de vários elementos culturais. O Mapa Global de Aquíferos Cársticos (World Karst Aquifer Map, WOKAM) representa a primeira base de dados geológica detalhada e de escopo global relacionada à distribuição de rochas carstificáveis (carbonatos e evaporitos) nas quais ocorrem aquíferos cársticos. Este estudo apresenta uma avaliação estatística do WOKAM, enfatizando apenas carste em rochas carbonáticas com foco em quatro aspectos: (1) ocorrência e distribuição de carste no planeta; (2) ocorrência de carste em relação a topografia e zonas costeiras; (3) ocorrência de carste em relação a zonas climáticas e (4) população que vive em regiões cársticas. De acordo com a análise, 15.2% da superfície continental (sem cobertura de gelo)
Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing potential karst aquifers. This study presents a statistical evaluation of WOKAM, focusing entirely on karst in carbonate rocks and addressing four main aspects: (1) global occurrence and geographic distribution of karst; (2) karst in various topographic settings and coastal areas; (3) karst in different climatic zones; and (4) populations living on karst. According to the analysis, 15.2% of the global ice-free continental surface is characterized by the presence of karstifiable carbonate rock. The largest percentage is in Europe (21.8%); the largest absolute area occurs in Asia (8.35 million km 2 ). Globally, 31.1% of all surface exposures of carbonate rocks occur in plains, 28.1% in hills and 40.8% in mountains, and 151,400 km or 15.7% of marine coastlines are characterized by carbonate rocks. About 34.2% of all carbonate rocks occur in arid climates, followed by 28.2% in cold and 15.9% in temperate climates, whereas only 13.1 and 8.6% occur in tropical and polar climates, respectively. Globally, 1.18 billion people (16.5% of the global population) live on karst. The highest absolute number occurs in Asia (661.7 million), whereas the highest percentages are in Europe (25.3%) and North America (23.5%). These results demonstrate the global importance of karst and serve as a basis for further research and international water management strategies. Karstregionen beinhalten eine Vielzahl natürlicher Ressourcen, wie Süßwasser und Biodiversität, sowie zahlreiche kulturelle und historische Ressourcen. Die Welt-Karstaquifer-Karte (WOKAM) ist die erste detaillierte und vollständige globale Datenbasis über die Verbreitung von verkarstungsfähigen Gesteinen (Carbonate und Evaporite), welche potentielle Karstaquifere darstellen. Diese Studie präsentiert eine statistische Auswertung von WOKAM, mit dem Fokus auf Karst in Carbonatgesteinen, und adressiert vier wesentliche Aspekte: (i) globales Vorkommen und geografische Verteilung von Karst; (ii) Karst in verschiedenen topografischen Settings und in Küstengebieten; (iii) Karst in verschiedenen Klimazonen; und (iv) Bevölkerung in Karstgebieten. Die Analyse ergibt, dass 15,2 % der globalen, eisfreien Kontinentalfläche durch Carbonatgesteine charakterisiert sind. Der höchste prozentuale Anteil tritt in Europa auf (21,8 %); die größte absolute Fläche in Asien (8,35 Mio. km²). Weltweit treten 31,1 % aller anstehenden Carbonatgesteine in Ebenen auf, 28,1 % im Hügelland und 40,8 % in Gebirgen; 151,400 km oder 15,7 % der globalen marinen Küstenlinie wird von Carbonatgesteinen geprägt. Etwa 34,2 % aller Carbonatgesteine kommen im ariden Klima vor, gefolgt von 28,2 % in kalten und 15,9 % in gemäßigten Klimaten, während nur 13,1 % bzw. 8,6 % im tropischen bzw. polaren Klima anzutreffen sind. Global leben etwa 1,18 Milliarden Menschen (16,5 % der Weltbevölkerung) in Karstgebieten. Die höchste absolute Anzahl wurde in Asien ermittelt (661,7 Mio.), während die höchsten prozentualen Anteile in Europa (25,3 %) und Nordamerika (23,5 %) auftreten. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen die globale Bedeutung von Karst und dienen als Basis für weitere Forschung und internationale Wassermanagement-Strategien. Les régions karstiques offrent une variété de ressources naturelles, telles que l’eau douce et la biodiversité, ainsi que de nombreuses ressources culturelles. La carte mondiale des aquifères karstiques (WOKAM) est. la première base de données géologiques mondiale détaillée et complète concernant la répartition des roches karstifiables (carbonates et évaporites) représentant les aquifères karstiques potentiels. Cette étude présente une évaluation statistique de WOKAM, entièrement axée sur le karst dans les roches carbonatées et abordant quatre aspects principaux: (1) la présence mondiale et la distribution géographique du karst; (2) le karst dans divers contextes topographiques et dans les zones côtières; (3) le karst dans différentes zones climatiques; et (4) les populations vivant sur le karst. Selon l’analyse, 15.2% de la surface continentale libre de glace dans le monde est. caractérisée par la présence de roches carbonatées karstifiables. Le plus grand pourcentage se trouve en Europe (21.8%); la plus grande superficie absolue se trouve en Asie (8.35 millions de km 2 ). À l’échelle mondiale, 31.1% de toutes les expositions de surface des roches carbonatées se trouvent dans les plaines, 28.1% dans les collines et 40.8% dans les montagnes, et 151,400 km ou 15.7% des côtes marines sont caractérisées par des roches carbonatées. Environ 34.2% de toutes les roches carbonatées se trouvent sous les climats arides, suivies par 28.2% sous les climats froids et 15.9% sous les climats tempérés, alors que seulement 13.1 et 8.6% se trouvent sous les climats tropicaux et polaires, respectivement. À l’échelle mondiale, 1.18 milliard de personnes (16.5% de la population mondiale) vivent sur le karst. Le nombre absolu le plus élevé se trouve en Asie (661.7 millions), tandis que les pourcentages les plus élevés se trouvent en Europe (25.3%) et en Amérique du Nord (23,5%). Ces résultats démontrent l’importance mondiale du karst et servent de base à la poursuite des recherches et aux stratégies internationales de gestion de l’eau. Las regiones kársticas ofrecen una variedad de recursos naturales, como agua dulce y biodiversidad, y muchos recursos culturales. El Mapa Mundial de Acuíferos Kársticos (WOKAM) es la primera base de datos geológicos mundial detallada y completa sobre la distribución de las rocas kársticas (carbonatos y evaporitas) que representan potenciales acuíferos kársticos. Este estudio presenta una evaluación estadística de WOKAM, centrada enteramente en el karst en las rocas carbonatadas y que aborda cuatro aspectos principales: (1) presencia mundial y distribución geográfica del karst; (2) el karst en diversos entornos topográficos y zonas costeras; (3) el karst en diferentes zonas climáticas; y (4) las poblaciones que viven en el karst. Según el análisis, el 15.2% de la superficie continental mundial libre de hielo se caracteriza por la presencia de roca carbonatadas kársticas. El mayor porcentaje se localiza en Europa (21.8%); la mayor superficie absoluta se encuentra en Asia (8.35 millones de km 2 ). A nivel mundial, el 31.1% de todas las exposiciones de superficie de rocas carbonatadas se dan en llanuras, el 28.1% en colinas y el 40.8% en montañas, y 151,400 km o el 15.7% de las costas marinas se caracterizan por rocas carbonatadas. Alrededor del 34.2% de todas las rocas carbonatadas se encuentran en climas áridos, seguidos del 28.2% en climas fríos y el 15.9% en climas templados, mientras que sólo el 13.1 y el 8.6% se encuentran en climas tropicales y polares, respectivamente. A nivel mundial, 1.180 millones de personas (16,5% de la población mundial) viven en el karst. La cifra absoluta más elevada se da en Asia (661.7 millones), mientras que los porcentajes más altos se dan en Europa (25.3%) y América del Norte (23.5%). Estos resultados demuestran la importancia mundial del karst y sirven de base para nuevas investigaciones y estrategias internacionales de gestión de los recursos hídricos. 岩溶地区拥有丰富的淡水资源,多样的生物种类,以及孕育了众多的文化。世界岩溶含水层分布图(WOKAM)是第一个详细并且完整描述潜在岩溶含水层(碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩)分布的全球地理数据库。本文完成了对WOKAM的统计评估,侧重于碳酸盐岩中的岩溶水资源,并涉及了如下四个研究内容:(1)全球岩溶的地理分布; (2)岩溶在各种地形环境下以及在沿海地区的分布; (3)不同气候条件下的岩溶分布; (4)居住在岩溶地区的人口。结果显示,15.2%的全球无冰陆地面积具有岩溶特征。其中百分比最高的是欧洲(21.8%);绝对面积最大的是亚洲(835万平方公里)。在全球范围内,31.1%的碳酸盐岩出露面积在平原,28.1%在丘陵地区,40.8%在山区,并且151,400公里或者15.7%的海洋海岸线具有岩溶特征。约有34.2%的碳酸盐岩出露面积处于干旱气候,28.2%在寒冷气候,15.9%在温带气候,而在热带和极地气候中分别仅占13.1和8.6%。在全球范围内,大约11.8亿人口(占全球人口的16.5%)生活在岩溶地区。绝对数字最高的地区是亚洲(6.617亿),而百分比则是欧洲(25.3%)和北美(23.5%)最高。这些结果证明了岩溶的全球重要性,并为该领域进一步的研究和国际水资源管理战略的发展奠定了基础。 Regiões cársticas apresentam múltiplos recursos naturais, como águas superficiais e biodiversidade, além de vários elementos culturais. O Mapa Global de Aquíferos Cársticos (World Karst Aquifer Map, WOKAM) representa a primeira base de dados geológica detalhada e de escopo global relacionada à distribuição de rochas carstificáveis (carbonatos e evaporitos) nas quais ocorrem aquíferos cársticos. Este estudo apresenta uma avaliação estatística do WOKAM, enfatizando apenas carste em rochas carbonáticas com foco em quatro aspectos: (1) ocorrência e distribuição de carste no planeta; (2) ocorrência de carste em relação a topografia e zonas costeiras; (3) ocorrência de carste em relação a zonas climáticas e (4) população que vive em regiões cársticas. De acordo com a análise, 15.2% da superfície continental (sem cobertura de gelo) é caracterizada pela presença de rocha carbonática carstificável. A maior porcentagem ocorre na Europa (21.8%) e a maior área total na Ásia (8.35 milhões de km 2 ). Em termos globais, 31.1% de todas as ocorrências expostas de carste ocorrem em planícies, 28.1% em zonas de morros e colinas, 40.8% em montanhas e cordilheiras e 151,400 km ou 15.7% do litoral apresenta rochas carbonáticas. Cerca de 34.2% de todas as rochas carbonáticas ocorrem sob clima árido, seguido de 28.2% em climas frios e 15.9% em climas temperados, ao passo que apenas 13.1 e 8.6% ocorrem em climas tropicais e polares, respectivamente. Em termos globais, 1.18 bilhões de pessoas (16.5% da população total) vivem em regiões cársticas. O maior número está na Ásia (661.7 milhões de pessoas), enquanto a maior percentagem ocorre na Europa (25.3%) e América do Norte (23.5%). Estes dados demonstram a importância global do carste e servem de base para futuras pesquisas mais aprofundadas, assim como para a elaboração de estratégias de cunho internacional relacionadas a manejo hídrico. Karstne oblasti karakteriše prisustvo raznovrsnih prirodnih resursa, kvalitetnih voda i predstavnika biodiverziteta, kao
Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing potential karst aquifers. This study presents a statistical evaluation of WOKAM, focusing entirely on karst in carbonate rocks and addressing four main aspects: (1) global occurrence and geographic distribution of karst; (2) karst in various topographic settings and coastal areas; (3) karst in different climatic zones; and (4) populations living on karst. According to the analysis, 15.2% of the global ice-free continental surface is characterized by the presence of karstifiable carbonate rock. The largest percentage is in Europe (21.8%); the largest absolute area occurs in Asia (8.35 million km 2 ). Globally, 31.1% of all surface exposures of carbonate rocks occur in plains, 28.1% in hills and 40.8% in mountains, and 151,400 km or 15.7% of marine coastlines are characterized by carbonate rocks. About 34.2% of all carbonate rocks occur in arid climates, followed by 28.2% in cold and 15.9% in temperate climates, whereas only 13.1 and 8.6% occur in tropical and polar climates, respectively. Globally, 1.18 billion people (16.5% of the global population) live on karst. The highest absolute number occurs in Asia (661.7 million), whereas the highest percentages are in Europe (25.3%) and North America (23.5%). These results demonstrate the global importance of karst and serve as a basis for further research and international water management strategies.
Author Chen, Zhao
Goldscheider, Nico
Hartmann, Jens
Veni, George
Broda, Stefan
Stevanovic, Zoran
Drew, David
Moosdorf, Nils
Bakalowicz, Michel
Auler, Augusto S.
Jiang, Guanghui
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Nico
  surname: Goldscheider
  fullname: Goldscheider, Nico
  email: nico.goldscheider@kit.edu
  organization: Institute of Applied Geosciences, Division of Hydrogeology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Zhao
  surname: Chen
  fullname: Chen, Zhao
  email: chen.zhao@gmx.de
  organization: Institute of Applied Geosciences, Division of Hydrogeology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Augusto S.
  surname: Auler
  fullname: Auler, Augusto S.
  organization: Instituto do Carste
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Michel
  surname: Bakalowicz
  fullname: Bakalowicz, Michel
  organization: HydroSciences, University of Montpellier
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Stefan
  surname: Broda
  fullname: Broda, Stefan
  organization: Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources
– sequence: 6
  givenname: David
  surname: Drew
  fullname: Drew, David
  organization: Retired from Trinity College Dublin
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Jens
  surname: Hartmann
  fullname: Hartmann, Jens
  organization: Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Guanghui
  surname: Jiang
  fullname: Jiang, Guanghui
  organization: Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Institute of Karst Geology
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Nils
  surname: Moosdorf
  fullname: Moosdorf, Nils
  organization: Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel
– sequence: 10
  givenname: Zoran
  surname: Stevanovic
  fullname: Stevanovic, Zoran
  organization: Department of Hydrogeology, Centre for Karst Hydrogeology, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining & Geology
– sequence: 11
  givenname: George
  surname: Veni
  fullname: Veni, George
  organization: National Cave and Karst Research Institute
BackLink https://hal.science/hal-04892938$$DView record in HAL
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Keywords Global mapping
Karst
Water resources
Carbonate rock
Geographic information systems
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Snippet Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the...
Karstregionen beinhalten eine Vielzahl natürlicher Ressourcen, wie Süßwasser und Biodiversität, sowie zahlreiche kulturelle und historische Ressourcen. Die...
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StartPage 1661
SubjectTerms Aquatic Pollution
Aquifers
Arid climates
Aridity
Asia
Biodiversity
Carbonate rocks
Carbonates
Climatic zones
Coastal zone
cold
Cultural resources
Earth and Environmental Science
Earth Sciences
Environmental Sciences
Europe
Evaporites
Freshwater
Geographical distribution
Geology
Geophysics/Geodesy
Hydrogeology
Hydrology
Hydrology/Water Resources
Inland water environment
Karst
karsts
Mountains
Natural resources
North America
people
Polar climates
Sciences of the Universe
spatial data
Temperate climates
topography
Tropical climate
Tropical climates
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
Water Quality/Water Pollution
Water resources
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Title Global distribution of carbonate rocks and karst water resources
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Volume 28
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