Residence times of shallow groundwater in West Africa: implications for hydrogeology and resilience to future changes in climate
Although shallow groundwater (<50 mbgl) sustains the vast majority of improved drinking-water supplies in rural Africa, there is little information on how resilient this resource may be to future changes in climate. This study presents results of a groundwater survey using stable isotopes, CFCs,...
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| Published in | Hydrogeology journal Vol. 21; no. 3; pp. 673 - 686 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer-Verlag
01.05.2013
Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Although shallow groundwater (<50 mbgl) sustains the vast majority of improved drinking-water supplies in rural Africa, there is little information on how resilient this resource may be to future changes in climate. This study presents results of a groundwater survey using stable isotopes, CFCs, SF
6
, and
3
H across different climatic zones (annual rainfall 400–2,000 mm/year) in West Africa. The purpose was to quantify the residence times of shallow groundwaters in sedimentary and basement aquifers, and investigate the relationship between groundwater resources and climate. Stable-isotope results indicate that most shallow groundwaters are recharged rapidly following rainfall, showing little evidence of evaporation prior to recharge. Chloride mass-balance results indicate that within the arid areas (<400 mm annual rainfall) there is recharge of up to 20 mm/year. Age tracers show that most groundwaters have mean residence times (MRTs) of 32–65 years, with comparable MRTs in the different climate zones. Similar MRTs measured in both the sedimentary and basement aquifers suggest similar hydraulic diffusivity and significant groundwater storage within the shallow basement. This suggests there is considerable resilience to short-term inter-annual variation in rainfall and recharge, and rural groundwater resources are likely to sustain diffuse, low volume abstraction. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Although shallow groundwater (<50 mbgl) sustains the vast majority of improved drinking-water supplies in rural Africa, there is little information on how resilient this resource may be to future changes in climate. This study presents results of a groundwater survey using stable isotopes, CFCs, SF sub(6), and super(3)H across different climatic zones (annual rainfall 400-2,000 mm/year) in West Africa. The purpose was to quantify the residence times of shallow groundwaters in sedimentary and basement aquifers, and investigate the relationship between groundwater resources and climate. Stable-isotope results indicate that most shallow groundwaters are recharged rapidly following rainfall, showing little evidence of evaporation prior to recharge. Chloride mass-balance results indicate that within the arid areas (<400 mm annual rainfall) there is recharge of up to 20 mm/year. Age tracers show that most groundwaters have mean residence times (MRTs) of 32-65 years, with comparable MRTs in the different climate zones. Similar MRTs measured in both the sedimentary and basement aquifers suggest similar hydraulic diffusivity and significant groundwater storage within the shallow basement. This suggests there is considerable resilience to short-term inter-annual variation in rainfall and recharge, and rural groundwater resources are likely to sustain diffuse, low volume abstraction.Original Abstract: Bien que la nappe phreatique (<50 mbgl) supporte la plus grande partie d'une consommation croissante d'eau potable en Afrique rurale, peu d'informations indiquent quelle peut etre la resilience de cette ressource aux futurs changements climatiques. Cette etude presente les resultats d'une etude de nappe utilisant des isotopes stables, CFCs, SF sub(6), and super(3)H couvrant differentes zones climatiques (precipitations annuelles 400-2,000 mm) dans l'Ouest africain. L'objectif etait de quantifier les temps de sejour des eaux superficielles dans l'aquifere sedimentaires et dans celui du socle et d'examiner la relation entre les ressources en eau et le climat. Les resultats bases sur les isotopes stables indiquent que les aquiferes les plus superficiels echantillonnees se rechargent rapidement suite a la precipitation, mettant en evidence une petite evaporation precedant la recharge. Le bilan des chlorures indique qu'a l'interieur des zones arides (precipitations annuelles <400 mm), il existe une recharge atteignant 20 mm/an. Les traceurs montrent que la plupart des eaux de nappe ont un temps de residence moyen (MRTs) de 32-65 an, avec des MRTs comparables dans les differentes zones climatiques. Des MRTs identiques mesurees dans les sediments d'une part et dans les aquiferes du socle d'autre part suggerent une diffusivite hydraulique similaire et un stockage important dans le substrat proche. Ceci suggere qu'il existe une resilience considerable aux variations interannuelles court terme de la precipitation-recharge, et que les ressources souterraines en milieu rural peuvent vraisemblablement supporter un prelevement diffus, de petit volume. Although shallow groundwater (<50 mbgl) sustains the vast majority of improved drinking-water supplies in rural Africa, there is little information on how resilient this resource may be to future changes in climate. This study presents results of a groundwater survey using stable isotopes, CFCs, SF^sub 6^, and ^sup 3^H across different climatic zones (annual rainfall 400-2,000 mm/year) in West Africa. The purpose was to quantify the residence times of shallow groundwaters in sedimentary and basement aquifers, and investigate the relationship between groundwater resources and climate. Stable-isotope results indicate that most shallow groundwaters are recharged rapidly following rainfall, showing little evidence of evaporation prior to recharge. Chloride mass-balance results indicate that within the arid areas (<400 mm annual rainfall) there is recharge of up to 20 mm/year. Age tracers show that most groundwaters have mean residence times (MRTs) of 32-65 years, with comparable MRTs in the different climate zones. Similar MRTs measured in both the sedimentary and basement aquifers suggest similar hydraulic diffusivity and significant groundwater storage within the shallow basement. This suggests there is considerable resilience to short-term inter-annual variation in rainfall and recharge, and rural groundwater resources are likely to sustain diffuse, low volume abstraction.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Although shallow groundwater (<50 mbgl) sustains the vast majority of improved drinking-water supplies in rural Africa, there is little information on how resilient this resource may be to future changes in climate. This study presents results of a groundwater survey using stable isotopes, CFCs, SF 6 , and 3 H across different climatic zones (annual rainfall 400–2,000 mm/year) in West Africa. The purpose was to quantify the residence times of shallow groundwaters in sedimentary and basement aquifers, and investigate the relationship between groundwater resources and climate. Stable-isotope results indicate that most shallow groundwaters are recharged rapidly following rainfall, showing little evidence of evaporation prior to recharge. Chloride mass-balance results indicate that within the arid areas (<400 mm annual rainfall) there is recharge of up to 20 mm/year. Age tracers show that most groundwaters have mean residence times (MRTs) of 32–65 years, with comparable MRTs in the different climate zones. Similar MRTs measured in both the sedimentary and basement aquifers suggest similar hydraulic diffusivity and significant groundwater storage within the shallow basement. This suggests there is considerable resilience to short-term inter-annual variation in rainfall and recharge, and rural groundwater resources are likely to sustain diffuse, low volume abstraction. |
| Author | Bonsor, H. C. Darling, W. G. Araguás-Araguás, L. J. Tijani, M. N. Gooddy, D. C. MacDonald, A. M. Lapworth, D. J. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: D. J. surname: Lapworth fullname: Lapworth, D. J. email: djla@bgs.ac.uk organization: British Geological Survey – sequence: 2 givenname: A. M. surname: MacDonald fullname: MacDonald, A. M. organization: British Geological Survey – sequence: 3 givenname: M. N. surname: Tijani fullname: Tijani, M. N. organization: Department of Geology, University of Ibadan – sequence: 4 givenname: W. G. surname: Darling fullname: Darling, W. G. organization: British Geological Survey – sequence: 5 givenname: D. C. surname: Gooddy fullname: Gooddy, D. C. organization: British Geological Survey – sequence: 6 givenname: H. C. surname: Bonsor fullname: Bonsor, H. C. organization: British Geological Survey – sequence: 7 givenname: L. J. surname: Araguás-Araguás fullname: Araguás-Araguás, L. J. organization: International Atomic Energy Agency |
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| Title | Residence times of shallow groundwater in West Africa: implications for hydrogeology and resilience to future changes in climate |
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