Stars of the terrestrial deep subsurface: A novel 'star-shaped' bacterial morphotype from a South African platinum mine
We study structure and function. Credit of course, goes to TJB, for it is from him that I inherited the habit of personifying bacteria and attempting to think like a bacterium, to better understand what they do. This work has taken us to wonderful places such as Yellowstone National Park, The Canadi...
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Published in | Geobiology Vol. 6; no. 3; pp. 325 - 330 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Oxford, UK
Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.06.2008
Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | We study structure and function. Credit of course, goes to TJB, for it is from him that I inherited the habit of personifying bacteria and attempting to think like a bacterium, to better understand what they do. This work has taken us to wonderful places such as Yellowstone National Park, The Canadian Arctic, Australia, and the deep subsurface in the Republic of South Africa, the subject of this manuscript. From their perspective, why they do what they do is simple, to live. How they do it, is more challenging for us to understand, so it is something that we continue to work on. The marvel of bacteria is something that I, in turn, try to pass on to my students where I hope it will find fertile ground and provide as much enjoyment as it has given me - G. Southam. A biofilm (mine-slime) collected from the Northam Platinum mine in the Republic of South Africa contained a new bacterial morphotype. Mine-slimes are generally considered to be microbiologically compromised, subsurface samples due to the likelihood of contamination from the mining environment. However, careful examination of this biofilm demonstrated that it possessed a diverse bacterial population that included organisms that are consistent with the deep subsurface, suggesting that mine-slimes represent an underutilized, 'natural' bacterial enrichment. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, a novel, branching, filamentous, star-shape bacterium (in cross section) has been found, adding a new bacterial morphotype and strategy that bacteria have demonstrated to increase their surface area to volume ratio. |
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AbstractList | FOREWORDWe study structure and function. Credit of course, goes to TJB, for it is from him that I inherited the habit of personifying bacteria and attempting to think like a bacterium, to better understand what they do. This work has taken us to wonderful places such as Yellowstone National Park, The Canadian Arctic, Australia, and the deep subsurface in the Republic of South Africa, the subject of this manuscript. From their perspective, why they do what they do is simple, to live. How they do it, is more challenging for us to understand, so it is something that we continue to work on. The marvel of bacteria is something that I, in turn, try to pass on to my students where I hope it will find fertile ground and provide as much enjoyment as it has given me - G. Southam.ABSTRACTA biofilm (mine-slime) collected from the Northam Platinum mine in the Republic of South Africa contained a new bacterial morphotype. Mine-slimes are generally considered to be microbiologically compromised, subsurface samples due to the likelihood of contamination from the mining environment. However, careful examination of this biofilm demonstrated that it possessed a diverse bacterial population that included organisms that are consistent with the deep subsurface, suggesting that mine-slimes represent an underutilized, 'natural' bacterial enrichment. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, a novel, branching, filamentous, star-shape bacterium (in cross section) has been found, adding a new bacterial morphotype and strategy that bacteria have demonstrated to increase their surface area to volume ratio. We study structure and function. Credit of course, goes to TJB, for it is from him that I inherited the habit of personifying bacteria and attempting to think like a bacterium, to better understand what they do. This work has taken us to wonderful places such as Yellowstone National Park, The Canadian Arctic, Australia, and the deep subsurface in the Republic of South Africa, the subject of this manuscript. From their perspective, why they do what they do is simple, to live. How they do it, is more challenging for us to understand, so it is something that we continue to work on. The marvel of bacteria is something that I, in turn, try to pass on to my students where I hope it will find fertile ground and provide as much enjoyment as it has given me - G. Southam. A biofilm (mine-slime) collected from the Northam Platinum mine in the Republic of South Africa contained a new bacterial morphotype. Mine-slimes are generally considered to be microbiologically compromised, subsurface samples due to the likelihood of contamination from the mining environment. However, careful examination of this biofilm demonstrated that it possessed a diverse bacterial population that included organisms that are consistent with the deep subsurface, suggesting that mine-slimes represent an underutilized, 'natural' bacterial enrichment. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, a novel, branching, filamentous, star-shape bacterium (in cross section) has been found, adding a new bacterial morphotype and strategy that bacteria have demonstrated to increase their surface area to volume ratio. We study structure and function. Credit of course, goes to TJB, for it is from him that I inherited the habit of personifying bacteria and attempting to think like a bacterium, to better understand what they do. This work has taken us to wonderful places such as Yellowstone National Park, The Canadian Arctic, Australia, and the deep subsurface in the Republic of South Africa, the subject of this manuscript. From their perspective, why they do what they do is simple, to live. How they do it, is more challenging for us to understand, so it is something that we continue to work on. The marvel of bacteria is something that I, in turn, try to pass on to my students where I hope it will find fertile ground and provide as much enjoyment as it has given me - G. Southam. A biofilm (mine-slime) collected from the Northam Platinum mine in the Republic of South Africa contained a new bacterial morphotype. Mine-slimes are generally considered to be microbiologically compromised, subsurface samples due to the likelihood of contamination from the mining environment. However, careful examination of this biofilm demonstrated that it possessed a diverse bacterial population that included organisms that are consistent with the deep subsurface, suggesting that mine-slimes represent an underutilized, 'natural' bacterial enrichment. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, a novel, branching, filamentous, star-shape bacterium (in cross section) has been found, adding a new bacterial morphotype and strategy that bacteria have demonstrated to increase their surface area to volume ratio.We study structure and function. Credit of course, goes to TJB, for it is from him that I inherited the habit of personifying bacteria and attempting to think like a bacterium, to better understand what they do. This work has taken us to wonderful places such as Yellowstone National Park, The Canadian Arctic, Australia, and the deep subsurface in the Republic of South Africa, the subject of this manuscript. From their perspective, why they do what they do is simple, to live. How they do it, is more challenging for us to understand, so it is something that we continue to work on. The marvel of bacteria is something that I, in turn, try to pass on to my students where I hope it will find fertile ground and provide as much enjoyment as it has given me - G. Southam. A biofilm (mine-slime) collected from the Northam Platinum mine in the Republic of South Africa contained a new bacterial morphotype. Mine-slimes are generally considered to be microbiologically compromised, subsurface samples due to the likelihood of contamination from the mining environment. However, careful examination of this biofilm demonstrated that it possessed a diverse bacterial population that included organisms that are consistent with the deep subsurface, suggesting that mine-slimes represent an underutilized, 'natural' bacterial enrichment. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, a novel, branching, filamentous, star-shape bacterium (in cross section) has been found, adding a new bacterial morphotype and strategy that bacteria have demonstrated to increase their surface area to volume ratio. FOREWORD We study structure and function. Credit of course, goes to TJB, for it is from him that I inherited the habit of personifying bacteria and attempting to think like a bacterium, to better understand what they do. This work has taken us to wonderful places such as Yellowstone National Park, The Canadian Arctic, Australia, and the deep subsurface in the Republic of South Africa, the subject of this manuscript. From their perspective, why they do what they do is simple, to live. How they do it, is more challenging for us to understand, so it is something that we continue to work on. The marvel of bacteria is something that I, in turn, try to pass on to my students where I hope it will find fertile ground and provide as much enjoyment as it has given me – G. Southam. ABSTRACT A biofilm (mine‐slime) collected from the Northam Platinum mine in the Republic of South Africa contained a new bacterial morphotype. Mine‐slimes are generally considered to be microbiologically compromised, subsurface samples due to the likelihood of contamination from the mining environment. However, careful examination of this biofilm demonstrated that it possessed a diverse bacterial population that included organisms that are consistent with the deep subsurface, suggesting that mine‐slimes represent an underutilized, ‘natural’ bacterial enrichment. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, a novel, branching, filamentous, star‐shape bacterium (in cross section) has been found, adding a new bacterial morphotype and strategy that bacteria have demonstrated to increase their surface area to volume ratio. |
Author | SOUTHAM, G. WANGER, G. ONSTOTT, T. C. |
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References | Moser DP, Gihring TM, Brockman FJ, Fredrickson JK, Balkwill DL, Dollhopf ME, Lollar BS, Pratt LM, Boice E, Southam G, Wanger G, Baker BJ, Pfiffner SM, Lin LH, Onstott TC (2005) Desulfotomaculum and Methanobacterium spp. dominate a 4- to 5-kilometer-deep fault. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 8773-8783. Schlesner H (1992) The genus Stella. Prokaryotes 3, 2167-2170. Bolhuis H, Te Poele EM, Rodriguez-Valera F (2004) Isolation and cultivation of Walsby's square archaeon. Environmental Microbiology 6, 1287-1291. Hegermann J, Herrmann R, Mayer F (2002) Cytoskeletal elements in the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Naturwissenschaften 89, 453-458. Young KD (2003) Bacterial shape. Molecular Microbiology 49, 571-580. Brock TD, Freeze H (1969) Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a nonsporulating extreme thermophile. Journal of Bacteriology 98, 289-297. Patel GB, Sprott GD (1990) Methanosaeta concilii gen. nov., sp. nov. ('Methanothrix concilii') and Methanosaeta thermoacetophila nom. rev., comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 40, 79-82. Wanger G, Onstott TC, Southam G (2006) Structural and chemical characterization of a natural fracture surface from 2.8 kilometers below land surface: biofilms in the deep subsurface. Geomicrobiology Journal 23, 443-452. Walsby AE (1980) A square bacterium. Nature 283, 69-71. Zillig W, Tu J, Holz I (1981) Thermoproteales - a third order of thermoacidophilic archaebacteria. Nature 293, 85-86. Briegel A, Dias DP, Li Z, Jensen RB, Frangakis AS, Jensen GJ (2006) Multiple large filament bundles observed in Caulobacter crescentus by electron cryotomography. Molecular Microbiology 62, 5-14. Lin LH, Wang PL, Rumble D, Lippmann-Pipke J, Boice E, Pratt LM, Sherwood Lollar B, Brodie EL, Hazen TC, Andersen GL, Desantis TZ, Moser DP, Kershaw D, Onstott TC (2006) Long-term sustainability of a high-energy, low-diversity crustal biome. Science 314, 479-482. Koch AL (1996) What size should a bacterium be? A question of scale. Annual Review of Microbiology 50, 317-348. Gonin M, Quardokus EM, O'donnol D, Maddock J, Brun YV (2000) Regulation of stalk elongation by phosphate in Caulobacter crescentus. Journal of Bacteriology 182, 337-347. Schmidt JM, Stanier RY (1966) The development of cellular stalks in bacteria. Journal of Cell Biology 28, 423-436. Nealson KH, Stahl DA (1997) Microorganisms and biogeochemical cycles; what can we learn from layered microbial communities? Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 35, 5-34. Zillig W, Gierl A, Schreiber G, Wunderl S, Janekovic D, Stetter KO, Klenk HP (1983) The archaebacterium Thermofilum pendens represents, a novel genus of the thermophilic, anaerobic sulfur respiring Thermoproteales. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 4, 79-87. Koch AL, Higgins ML, Doyle RJ (1981) Surface tension-like forces determine bacterial shapes: Streptococcus faecium. Journal of General Microbiology 123, 151-161. Vasilyeva LV (1985) Stella, a new genus of soil prosthecobacteria, with proposals for Stella humosa sp. nov. & Stella vacuolata sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 35, 518-521. Purcell E (1977) Life at low Reynold's number. American Journal of Physics 45, 3-11. Murray RG, Hall M, Thompson BG (1983) Cell division in Deinococcus radiodurans and a method for displaying septa. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 29, 1412-1423. Volkl P, Huber R, Drobner E, Rachel R, Burggraf S, Trincone A, Stetter KO (1993) Pyrobaculum aerophilum sp. nov., a novel nitrate-reducing hyperthermophilic archaeum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 2918-2926. 1981; 123 1969; 98 1983; 4 1996; 50 1997 2004; 6 1977; 45 2006; 314 1990; 40 1993; 59 1981; 293 1966; 28 2006; 62 2006; 23 2002; 89 1997; 35 2000; 182 1984 2003; 49 2005; 71 1980; 283 1983; 29 1992; 3 1985; 35 1989 Volkl P (e_1_2_5_20_1) 1993; 59 e_1_2_5_25_1 e_1_2_5_26_1 e_1_2_5_23_1 e_1_2_5_21_1 e_1_2_5_22_1 Koch AL (e_1_2_5_10_1) 1981; 123 Kieft TL (e_1_2_5_8_1) 1997 Zillig W (e_1_2_5_24_1) 1989 e_1_2_5_15_1 e_1_2_5_9_1 e_1_2_5_16_1 e_1_2_5_11_1 e_1_2_5_7_1 e_1_2_5_6_1 e_1_2_5_13_1 e_1_2_5_5_1 e_1_2_5_12_1 Brock TD (e_1_2_5_4_1) 1984 e_1_2_5_3_1 e_1_2_5_2_1 Schlesner H (e_1_2_5_17_1) 1992; 3 e_1_2_5_19_1 e_1_2_5_18_1 Nealson KH (e_1_2_5_14_1) 1997; 35 Geobiology. 2008 Aug;6(4):421 |
References_xml | – reference: Schlesner H (1992) The genus Stella. Prokaryotes 3, 2167-2170. – reference: Schmidt JM, Stanier RY (1966) The development of cellular stalks in bacteria. Journal of Cell Biology 28, 423-436. – reference: Zillig W, Tu J, Holz I (1981) Thermoproteales - a third order of thermoacidophilic archaebacteria. Nature 293, 85-86. – reference: Moser DP, Gihring TM, Brockman FJ, Fredrickson JK, Balkwill DL, Dollhopf ME, Lollar BS, Pratt LM, Boice E, Southam G, Wanger G, Baker BJ, Pfiffner SM, Lin LH, Onstott TC (2005) Desulfotomaculum and Methanobacterium spp. dominate a 4- to 5-kilometer-deep fault. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 8773-8783. – reference: Bolhuis H, Te Poele EM, Rodriguez-Valera F (2004) Isolation and cultivation of Walsby's square archaeon. Environmental Microbiology 6, 1287-1291. – reference: Nealson KH, Stahl DA (1997) Microorganisms and biogeochemical cycles; what can we learn from layered microbial communities? Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 35, 5-34. – reference: Vasilyeva LV (1985) Stella, a new genus of soil prosthecobacteria, with proposals for Stella humosa sp. nov. & Stella vacuolata sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 35, 518-521. – reference: Wanger G, Onstott TC, Southam G (2006) Structural and chemical characterization of a natural fracture surface from 2.8 kilometers below land surface: biofilms in the deep subsurface. Geomicrobiology Journal 23, 443-452. – reference: Volkl P, Huber R, Drobner E, Rachel R, Burggraf S, Trincone A, Stetter KO (1993) Pyrobaculum aerophilum sp. nov., a novel nitrate-reducing hyperthermophilic archaeum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 2918-2926. – reference: Walsby AE (1980) A square bacterium. Nature 283, 69-71. – reference: Briegel A, Dias DP, Li Z, Jensen RB, Frangakis AS, Jensen GJ (2006) Multiple large filament bundles observed in Caulobacter crescentus by electron cryotomography. Molecular Microbiology 62, 5-14. – reference: Lin LH, Wang PL, Rumble D, Lippmann-Pipke J, Boice E, Pratt LM, Sherwood Lollar B, Brodie EL, Hazen TC, Andersen GL, Desantis TZ, Moser DP, Kershaw D, Onstott TC (2006) Long-term sustainability of a high-energy, low-diversity crustal biome. Science 314, 479-482. – reference: Purcell E (1977) Life at low Reynold's number. American Journal of Physics 45, 3-11. – reference: Young KD (2003) Bacterial shape. Molecular Microbiology 49, 571-580. – reference: Hegermann J, Herrmann R, Mayer F (2002) Cytoskeletal elements in the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Naturwissenschaften 89, 453-458. – reference: Koch AL (1996) What size should a bacterium be? A question of scale. Annual Review of Microbiology 50, 317-348. – reference: Brock TD, Freeze H (1969) Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a nonsporulating extreme thermophile. 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SubjectTerms | Bacteria Bacteria - ultrastructure Biofilms Microscopy, Electron Platinum Soil Microbiology South Africa |
Title | Stars of the terrestrial deep subsurface: A novel 'star-shaped' bacterial morphotype from a South African platinum mine |
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