Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals on Microplastics under Light Irradiation
Microplastics (MPs) are presumed to be inert during aging under ambient conditions. In this study, four types of virgin MPs, including polystyrene (PS), phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were aged under simulated solar light irradiation. Surprisingly, s...
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| Published in | Environmental science & technology Vol. 53; no. 14; pp. 8177 - 8186 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
American Chemical Society
16.07.2019
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0013-936X 1520-5851 1520-5851 |
| DOI | 10.1021/acs.est.9b01474 |
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| Abstract | Microplastics (MPs) are presumed to be inert during aging under ambient conditions. In this study, four types of virgin MPs, including polystyrene (PS), phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were aged under simulated solar light irradiation. Surprisingly, several environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are considered to be a type of emerging contaminant, were detected on the irradiated PS and PF, rather than PE and PVC, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Depending on the photoaging duration time, the characteristic g-factors of the EPFRs produced on PS and PF were 2.0044–2.0049 and 2.0043–2.0044, respectively. The generated EPFRs on PS and PF decayed rapidly at the initial stage and then slowly disappeared with the elapsed aging time. Analyses by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) suggested that MPs might experience chemical chain scission, O2/H2O addition, and EPFR formation under the light irradiation. Accompanying with the formation of EPFRs, reactive oxygen species, such as O2 •– and •OH, were also observed. The findings provide a novel insight to evaluate the potential hazards of MPs to organisms and ecosystems. |
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| AbstractList | Microplastics (MPs) are presumed to be inert during aging under ambient conditions. In this study, four types of virgin MPs, including polystyrene (PS), phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were aged under simulated solar light irradiation. Surprisingly, several environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are considered to be a type of emerging contaminant, were detected on the irradiated PS and PF, rather than PE and PVC, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Depending on the photoaging duration time, the characteristic g-factors of the EPFRs produced on PS and PF were 2.0044–2.0049 and 2.0043–2.0044, respectively. The generated EPFRs on PS and PF decayed rapidly at the initial stage and then slowly disappeared with the elapsed aging time. Analyses by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) suggested that MPs might experience chemical chain scission, O2/H2O addition, and EPFR formation under the light irradiation. Accompanying with the formation of EPFRs, reactive oxygen species, such as O2•– and •OH, were also observed. The findings provide a novel insight to evaluate the potential hazards of MPs to organisms and ecosystems. Microplastics (MPs) are presumed to be inert during aging under ambient conditions. In this study, four types of virgin MPs, including polystyrene (PS), phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were aged under simulated solar light irradiation. Surprisingly, several environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are considered to be a type of emerging contaminant, were detected on the irradiated PS and PF, rather than PE and PVC, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Depending on the photoaging duration time, the characteristic g-factors of the EPFRs produced on PS and PF were 2.0044-2.0049 and 2.0043-2.0044, respectively. The generated EPFRs on PS and PF decayed rapidly at the initial stage and then slowly disappeared with the elapsed aging time. Analyses by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) suggested that MPs might experience chemical chain scission, O /H O addition, and EPFR formation under the light irradiation. Accompanying with the formation of EPFRs, reactive oxygen species, such as O and •OH, were also observed. The findings provide a novel insight to evaluate the potential hazards of MPs to organisms and ecosystems. Microplastics (MPs) are presumed to be inert during aging under ambient conditions. In this study, four types of virgin MPs, including polystyrene (PS), phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were aged under simulated solar light irradiation. Surprisingly, several environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are considered to be a type of emerging contaminant, were detected on the irradiated PS and PF, rather than PE and PVC, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Depending on the photoaging duration time, the characteristic g-factors of the EPFRs produced on PS and PF were 2.0044–2.0049 and 2.0043–2.0044, respectively. The generated EPFRs on PS and PF decayed rapidly at the initial stage and then slowly disappeared with the elapsed aging time. Analyses by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) suggested that MPs might experience chemical chain scission, O₂/H₂O addition, and EPFR formation under the light irradiation. Accompanying with the formation of EPFRs, reactive oxygen species, such as O₂•– and •OH, were also observed. The findings provide a novel insight to evaluate the potential hazards of MPs to organisms and ecosystems. Microplastics (MPs) are presumed to be inert during aging under ambient conditions. In this study, four types of virgin MPs, including polystyrene (PS), phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were aged under simulated solar light irradiation. Surprisingly, several environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are considered to be a type of emerging contaminant, were detected on the irradiated PS and PF, rather than PE and PVC, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Depending on the photoaging duration time, the characteristic g-factors of the EPFRs produced on PS and PF were 2.0044-2.0049 and 2.0043-2.0044, respectively. The generated EPFRs on PS and PF decayed rapidly at the initial stage and then slowly disappeared with the elapsed aging time. Analyses by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) suggested that MPs might experience chemical chain scission, O2/H2O addition, and EPFR formation under the light irradiation. Accompanying with the formation of EPFRs, reactive oxygen species, such as O2•- and •OH, were also observed. The findings provide a novel insight to evaluate the potential hazards of MPs to organisms and ecosystems.Microplastics (MPs) are presumed to be inert during aging under ambient conditions. In this study, four types of virgin MPs, including polystyrene (PS), phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), were aged under simulated solar light irradiation. Surprisingly, several environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are considered to be a type of emerging contaminant, were detected on the irradiated PS and PF, rather than PE and PVC, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Depending on the photoaging duration time, the characteristic g-factors of the EPFRs produced on PS and PF were 2.0044-2.0049 and 2.0043-2.0044, respectively. The generated EPFRs on PS and PF decayed rapidly at the initial stage and then slowly disappeared with the elapsed aging time. Analyses by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) suggested that MPs might experience chemical chain scission, O2/H2O addition, and EPFR formation under the light irradiation. Accompanying with the formation of EPFRs, reactive oxygen species, such as O2•- and •OH, were also observed. The findings provide a novel insight to evaluate the potential hazards of MPs to organisms and ecosystems. |
| Author | Xia, Tianjiao Zhao, Song Zhu, Kecheng Wang, Tiecheng Jia, Hanzhong Zhu, Lingyan Guo, Xuetao |
| AuthorAffiliation | Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment – name: Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kecheng surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Kecheng organization: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment – sequence: 2 givenname: Hanzhong orcidid: 0000-0002-9838-2881 surname: Jia fullname: Jia, Hanzhong email: jiahz@nwafu.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment – sequence: 3 givenname: Song surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Song organization: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment – sequence: 4 givenname: Tianjiao orcidid: 0000-0001-8104-6964 surname: Xia fullname: Xia, Tianjiao organization: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment – sequence: 5 givenname: Xuetao surname: Guo fullname: Guo, Xuetao organization: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment – sequence: 6 givenname: Tiecheng orcidid: 0000-0003-1085-9946 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Tiecheng organization: Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment – sequence: 7 givenname: Lingyan orcidid: 0000-0001-9318-7940 surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Lingyan email: zhuly@nankai.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31246433$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | Aging Chain scission cleavage (chemistry) Contaminants Decay rate Ecosystems Electron paramagnetic resonance electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy environmental science Fourier transforms Free radicals gel chromatography Hazards Infrared analysis Infrared spectroscopy Irradiation Light irradiation lighting Liquid chromatography Microplastics NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Organic chemistry Phenol formaldehyde resins Phenols photoaging Photoelectron spectroscopy Photoelectrons Plastic pollution poly(vinyl chloride) Polyethylene Polyethylenes Polystyrene Polystyrene resins polystyrenes Polyvinyl chloride Reactive oxygen species Reflectance Resonance Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis X ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| Title | Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals on Microplastics under Light Irradiation |
| URI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01474 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31246433 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2269410623 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2250643718 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2574318518 |
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