Plant stems : physiology and functional morphology

• Main Author: Gartner, Barbara L.
• Format: eBook Book
• Language: English
• Published: San Diego, CA ; Tokyo Academic Press 1995; Elsevier Science & Technology
• Edition: 1
• Series: Physiological Ecology Series
• Subjects: Stems (Botany); Tree trunks

Stems, of various sizes and shapes, are involved in most of the organic processes and interactions of plants, ranging from support, transport, and storage to development and protection. The stem itself is a crucially important intermediary: it links above- and below ground organs-connecting roots to...

Table of Contents:

• Front Cover -- Plant Stems: Physiology and Functional Morphology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Roles of Stem Architecture in Plant Performance -- Chapter 1. Plant Stems: Biomechanical Adaptation for Energy Capture and Influence on Species Distributions -- I. Introduction -- II. Constraints on Optimal Stem Allocation, Form, and Growth Dynamics -- III. Energetic Trade-offs and Predicted Trends -- IV. Conclusion and Coda -- References -- Chapter 2. Opportunities and Constraints in the Placement of Flowers and Fruits -- I. Introduction -- II. Adaptive Opportunities in Flower and Fruit Placement -- III. Functional Constraints on Reproduction -- IV. Biomechanical Factors Influencing the Placement of Flowers and Fruits -- V. Can Flower Placement Constrain Stem or Shoot Growth? -- VI. How Are Flower Types Influenced by Flower Placement? -- VII. Prospects for Further Research: Exploring Trade-offs -- References -- Chapter 3. Biomechanical Optimum in Woody Stems -- I. Trees as Sailboats -- II. Human-Made Engineering Design versus Grown Biomechanical Design -- III. Optimum Mechanical Design -- IV.. The Design Principle in Trees -- V. Safety Factors -- VI. Relevance of Hollow Spaces and Cavities to Safety of Trees -- VII. Repair of the Damaged Optimum -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. Shrub Stems: Form and Function -- I. Introduction -- II. Stem Hydraulics and Adaptations to Drought -- III. Stem Height and Form -- IV. Architectural Strategies -- V. Future Areas for Research -- References -- Part II: Roles of Stems in Transport and Storage of Water -- Chapter 5. Limitations on Stem Water Transport and Their Consequences -- I. Introduction -- II. Importance of Stem Water Transport -- III. Limits on Stem Water Transport: Cavitation -- IV. Freezing and Cavitation
• V. Water Stress and Cavitation -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Patterns of Xylem Variation within a Tree and Their Hydraulic and Mechanical Consequences -- I. Introduction -- II. Typical Patterns of Xylem Variation -- III. Variation in Water Transport -- IV. Variation in Stresses, Structure, and Density -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Stem Water Storage -- I. Introduction -- II. Approaches to Studying Stem Water Storage -- III. Structural Features Influencing Stem Water Storage -- IV. Ecological Significance of Stem Water Storage -- V. Conclusions and Directions for Future Research -- References -- Part III: Roles of Live Stem Cells in Plant Performance -- Chapter 8. Role of Stems in Transport, Storage, and Circulation of Ions and Metabolites by the Whole Plant -- I. Introduction -- II. Anatomical Features of Stems in Relation to Storage and Internal Exchanges between Transport Channels -- III. Modeling Empirically the Role Played by Stems in Partitioning, Storage, and Utilization of Specific Nutrient Elements -- IV. Case Studies -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. The Low Profile Directors of Carbon and Nitrogen Economy in Plants: Parenchyma Cells Associated with Translocation Channels -- I. Introduction -- II. Channel-Associated Cells in Xylem: Involvement in N Economy -- III. Channel-Associated Cells in Phloem: Background and Concept -- IV. Channel-Associated Cells in the Phloem Loading Zone: Loading Mechanisms and Potential Consequences -- V. Channel-Associated Cells in Phloem Transport Zone -- VI. Ecological Strategies and Operation of Channel-Associated Cells -- References -- Chapter 10. Stem Photosynthesis: Extent, Patterns, and Role in Plant Carbon Economy -- I. Introduction -- II. Extent of Stem Photosynthesis -- III. Nature of Stem Photosynthetic Apparatus -- IV. Ecophysiological Significance
• III. Defense of Sapwood -- IV. Defense of Heartwood -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Part V: Synthesis -- Chapter 18. Stems in the Biology of the Tissue, Organism, Stand, and Ecosystem -- I. The Nature of Stems -- II. Constraints on Capabilities and Functions of Stems -- III. Throwaway Concept -- IV. Stem Development -- V. The Stem as a Research Subject: Experimental Limitations -- VI. Function and Process Interactions -- VII. Trade-offs -- VIII. The Optimization Issue -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Physiological Ecology -- Color Plate Section
• V. Summary and Goals for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 11. Microflora and Microfauna on Stems and Trunks: Diversity, Food Webs, and Effects on Plants -- I. Introduction -- II. Organisms in the Food Web and Their Importance for Plant Growth -- III. Organisms in the Food Web and Their Functions -- IV. Plant Surface Food Webs -- V. Stem Attack by Wood-Boring Insects -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Developmental Potential of Shoot Buds -- I. Introduction -- II. Ontogeny and Development of Vegetative Buds -- III. Biochemical and Cytological Changes during Bud Development -- IV. Patterns of Axillary Bud Development -- V. Plasticity of Developmental Potential -- VI. Summary: Development of Reserve Meristems -- References -- Chapter 13. Hormonal Control of Radial and Longitudinal Growth in the Tree Stem -- I. Introduction -- II. Identification, Metabolism, and Movement of Hormones -- III. Hormonal Control of Radial Growth -- IV. Hormonal Control of Longitudinal Growth -- V. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Part IV: Roles of Stems in Preventing or Reacting to Plant Injury -- Chapter 14. Stems and Fires -- I. Introduction -- II. Cell-Level Injury and Recovery -- III. Plant Level -- IV. Fire Injury and Invasions by Invertebrates and Fungi -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15. Response of Stem Growth and Function to Air Pollution -- I. Introduction -- II. Types of Air Pollutants and Their Effects -- III. Evidence from Studies of Tree Rings -- IV. Effect of CO2 Enrichment on Stem Growth in Trees -- V. Model of Air Pollutant Effects on Stem Growth -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. Chemical Antiherbivore Defense -- I. Introduction -- II. Mammals -- III. Bark Beetles -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17. Stem Defense against Pathogens -- I. Introduction -- II. Defense of Bark