Cobalt-Catalyzed Alkylation of Drug-Like Molecules and Pharmaceuticals Using Heterocyclic Phosphonium Salts

Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp2–Csp3 coupling processes. We present a cobalt-catalyzed coupling reaction between pyridine phosphonium salts and alkylzinc reagents that can be applied to complex drug-like fragmen...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inACS catalysis Vol. 9; no. 6; pp. 4862 - 4866
Main Authors Zhang, Xuan, McNally, Andrew
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published American Chemical Society 07.06.2019
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Loading…
Abstract Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp2–Csp3 coupling processes. We present a cobalt-catalyzed coupling reaction between pyridine phosphonium salts and alkylzinc reagents that can be applied to complex drug-like fragments and for late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. The reaction generally proceeds at room temperature, and 4-position pyridine C–H bonds are the precursors in this strategy. Given the challenges in selectively installing (pseudo)­halides in complex pyridines, this two-step process enables sets of molecules to be alkylated that would be challenging using traditional cross-coupling methods.
AbstractList Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp2–Csp3 coupling processes. We present a cobalt-catalyzed coupling reaction between pyridine phosphonium salts and alkylzinc reagents that can be applied to complex drug-like fragments and for late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. The reaction generally proceeds at room temperature, and 4-position pyridine C–H bonds are the precursors in this strategy. Given the challenges in selectively installing (pseudo)­halides in complex pyridines, this two-step process enables sets of molecules to be alkylated that would be challenging using traditional cross-coupling methods.
Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp2-Csp3 coupling processes. We present a cobalt-catalyzed coupling reaction between pyridine phosphonium salts and alkylzinc reagents that can be applied to complex drug-like fragments and for late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. The reaction generally proceeds at room temperature, and 4-position pyridine C-H bonds are the precursors in this strategy. Given the challenges in selectively installing (pseudo)halides in complex pyridines, this two-step process enables sets of molecules to be alkylated that would be challenging using traditional cross-coupling methods.Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp2-Csp3 coupling processes. We present a cobalt-catalyzed coupling reaction between pyridine phosphonium salts and alkylzinc reagents that can be applied to complex drug-like fragments and for late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. The reaction generally proceeds at room temperature, and 4-position pyridine C-H bonds are the precursors in this strategy. Given the challenges in selectively installing (pseudo)halides in complex pyridines, this two-step process enables sets of molecules to be alkylated that would be challenging using traditional cross-coupling methods.
Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp 2 –Csp 3 coupling processes. We present a cobalt-catalyzed coupling reaction between pyridine phosphonium salts and alkylzinc reagents that can be applied to complex drug-like fragments and for late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. The reaction generally proceeds at room temperature, and 4-position pyridine C–H bonds are the precursors in this strategy. Given the challenges in selectively installing (pseudo)halides in complex pyridines, this two-step process enables sets of molecules to be alkylated that would be challenging using traditional cross-coupling methods.
Author Zhang, Xuan
McNally, Andrew
AuthorAffiliation Department of Chemistry
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Department of Chemistry
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Xuan
  surname: Zhang
  fullname: Zhang, Xuan
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Andrew
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8651-1631
  surname: McNally
  fullname: McNally, Andrew
  email: andy.mcnally@colostate.edu
BookMark eNp9kc1v1DAQxS1URD_onaOPHEixnTgbX5CqBVqkRSBBz9bEmey669iL7SAtfz0uuyBAAl880vzem9G8c3Lig0dCnnF2xZngL8EkAxncleoZ6yR_RM4El7KSTS1PfqtPyWVK96y8Rrbdgj0hpzVvZVvqM7Jdhh5crpYPTvtvONBrt907yDZ4Gkb6Os7ramW3SN8Hh2Z2mCj4gX7cQJzA4JytAZfoXbJ-TW8xYwxmb5w1BQlptwnezhP9VGakp-TxWFi8PP4X5O7tm8_L22r14ebd8npVQbNocyWZ4fWo2hrGhhsYF2MDQnKBSsmuHRqGohbNAGIYBqZ63oNgaFTfc8Pbjpn6grw6-O7mfsLBoM8RnN5FO0Hc6wBW_9nxdqPX4atuO95wJYvB86NBDF9mTFlPNhl0DjyGOWlRM9UJJpQqKDugJoaUIo6_xnCmH2LSP2PSx5iKpP1LYmz-cfCyjHX_E744CEtH34c5-nLFf-PfAaK-rCk
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_202109271
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0OB00684J
crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_202310639
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_oprd_2c00284
crossref_primary_10_1002_slct_202302735
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2QO01373H
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cclet_2021_05_069
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_joc_4c02389
crossref_primary_10_1002_asia_202001219
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tetlet_2022_153662
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2CC06994F
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0SC03833D
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2TA05674G
crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_202211710
crossref_primary_10_1021_acscatal_2c04741
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_orglett_0c00882
crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_202201240
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_orglett_1c02893
crossref_primary_10_1021_acscatal_0c03903
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_orglett_5c00786
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mencom_2023_10_008
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_joc_0c02243
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_201906815
crossref_primary_10_1021_jacs_1c07608
crossref_primary_10_1002_adsc_202300159
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_202006724
crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_202318572
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2OB00505K
crossref_primary_10_1002_chem_202403032
crossref_primary_10_1039_D0CS00973C
crossref_primary_10_6023_cjoc202107065
crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_202215008
crossref_primary_10_1039_D1QO01474A
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chempr_2023_10_015
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_orglett_2c01800
crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules28196969
crossref_primary_10_1039_D1QO01446C
crossref_primary_10_1039_D4RA00589A
crossref_primary_10_1002_asia_202201132
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajoc_202200532
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_202201240
crossref_primary_10_1039_D4SC03739A
crossref_primary_10_1002_ajoc_202300269
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_orglett_1c02165
crossref_primary_10_1039_D1SC02324A
crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules27175694
crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_201914490
crossref_primary_10_1021_acscatal_9b01580
crossref_primary_10_1021_acscatal_9b03798
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_202318572
crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_201906815
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tetlet_2021_152873
crossref_primary_10_1002_chem_201903526
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2OB01045C
crossref_primary_10_1002_asia_202301056
crossref_primary_10_1002_ejoc_202301233
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_202215008
crossref_primary_10_1039_D3CC02455E
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tet_2023_133321
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_chemrev_2c00881
crossref_primary_10_1039_D4OB00838C
crossref_primary_10_1039_D1OB00909E
crossref_primary_10_1002_anie_202006724
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_202109271
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_201914490
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_orglett_4c02922
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_202310639
crossref_primary_10_1002_ange_202211710
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_joc_1c00114
crossref_primary_10_1039_D2SC02496A
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_poly_2020_114567
Cites_doi 10.1055/s-0036-1588430
10.1021/cr068370e
10.1055/s-0037-1609941
10.1021/jacs.6b08662
10.1002/anie.201303207
10.1021/jacs.7b11710
10.1002/anie.201402023
10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01720
10.1038/s41557-018-0021-z
10.3762/bjoc.9.265
10.1021/acscatal.5b02718
10.1021/ol502230p
10.1021/jacs.8b04530
10.1021/jacs.5b09572
10.1016/S0040-4039(00)96178-1
10.1039/b805142a
10.1021/jacs.7b00147
10.1021/ja1066459
10.1021/acs.joc.7b01334
10.1038/nature14885
10.1002/anie.201502379
10.1021/cr9000786
10.1021/cr100327p
10.1039/c1md00134e
10.1055/s-0030-1260212
10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00813
10.1055/s-0036-1591850
10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.040
10.1021/cr200251d
10.1002/anie.201804628
10.1021/ja8031423
10.1021/ol401508u
10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00021
10.1021/jacs.7b05414
10.1016/S0065-2725(08)60288-3
10.1021/jm501100b
10.1021/ja5007838
10.1039/C5CS00628G
10.1021/jacs.7b03262
10.1002/anie.201704948
10.1002/cber.19891220118
ContentType Journal Article
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.1021/acscatal.9b00851
DatabaseName CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList
MEDLINE - Academic

DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Chemistry
EISSN 2155-5435
EndPage 4866
ExternalDocumentID PMC6814195
10_1021_acscatal_9b00851
c243204799
GroupedDBID 53G
55A
7~N
AABXI
ABMVS
ABUCX
ACGFS
ACS
AEESW
AENEX
AFEFF
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AQSVZ
EBS
ED
ED~
EJD
GNL
IH9
JG
JG~
RNS
ROL
UI2
VF5
VG9
W1F
.K2
AAHBH
AAYXX
ABBLG
ABJNI
ABLBI
ABQRX
ACGFO
ADHLV
AHGAQ
BAANH
CITATION
CUPRZ
GGK
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-a476t-50c13f963af41caf7f4a2512e99586d40e2324da2ddd09b1ba20ec9bb1c1680c3
IEDL.DBID ACS
ISSN 2155-5435
IngestDate Thu Aug 21 18:17:30 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 02:40:40 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 02:21:42 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 22:50:07 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 27 13:43:58 EDT 2020
IsDoiOpenAccess false
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 6
Keywords pyridines
phosphonium salts
cross-coupling
alkylation
late-stage
cobalt-catalysis
alkyl Negishi
Language English
License https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-045
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-a476t-50c13f963af41caf7f4a2512e99586d40e2324da2ddd09b1ba20ec9bb1c1680c3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0002-8651-1631
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6814195
PMID 31656687
PQID 2309820299
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 5
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6814195
proquest_miscellaneous_2309820299
crossref_primary_10_1021_acscatal_9b00851
crossref_citationtrail_10_1021_acscatal_9b00851
acs_journals_10_1021_acscatal_9b00851
ProviderPackageCode JG~
55A
AABXI
GNL
VF5
7~N
VG9
W1F
ACS
AEESW
AFEFF
ABMVS
ABUCX
IH9
AQSVZ
ED~
UI2
CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2019-06-07
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2019-06-07
PublicationDate_xml – month: 06
  year: 2019
  text: 2019-06-07
  day: 07
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationTitle ACS catalysis
PublicationTitleAlternate ACS Catal
PublicationYear 2019
Publisher American Chemical Society
Publisher_xml – name: American Chemical Society
References ref3/cit3
ref18/cit18
ref8/cit8d1
ref9/cit9c
ref9/cit9b
ref9/cit9a
ref16/cit16
ref8/cit8a
ref8/cit8c
ref8/cit8b
ref8/cit8e
ref8/cit8d
ref9/cit9i
ref8/cit8f
ref9/cit9h
ref14/cit14
ref9/cit9g
ref2/cit2b
ref9/cit9f
ref9/cit9e
ref9/cit9d
ref1/cit1a
ref1/cit1b
ref5/cit5b
ref5/cit5c
ref10/cit10
ref5/cit5a
ref4/cit4a
ref4/cit4b
ref8/cit8c1
ref15/cit15
ref11/cit11c
ref11/cit11b
ref11/cit11a
ref7/cit7b
ref7/cit7a
ref6/cit6a
ref6/cit6b
ref5/cit5f
Joule J. A. (ref2/cit2a) 2000
ref5/cit5d
ref5/cit5e
References_xml – ident: ref11/cit11a
  doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1588430
– ident: ref3/cit3
  doi: 10.1021/cr068370e
– ident: ref14/cit14
  doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1609941
– ident: ref9/cit9c
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b08662
– ident: ref15/cit15
  doi: 10.1002/anie.201303207
– ident: ref9/cit9f
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b11710
– ident: ref5/cit5d
  doi: 10.1002/anie.201402023
– ident: ref8/cit8d1
  doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01720
– ident: ref10/cit10
  doi: 10.1038/s41557-018-0021-z
– ident: ref1/cit1a
  doi: 10.3762/bjoc.9.265
– ident: ref8/cit8a
  doi: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02718
– ident: ref8/cit8c1
  doi: 10.1021/ol502230p
– ident: ref9/cit9h
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b04530
– ident: ref4/cit4a
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b09572
– ident: ref9/cit9a
  doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)96178-1
– ident: ref11/cit11c
  doi: 10.1039/b805142a
– ident: ref4/cit4b
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b00147
– ident: ref5/cit5b
  doi: 10.1021/ja1066459
– ident: ref8/cit8d
  doi: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01334
– ident: ref5/cit5c
  doi: 10.1038/nature14885
– ident: ref8/cit8c
  doi: 10.1002/anie.201502379
– ident: ref11/cit11b
  doi: 10.1021/cr9000786
– ident: ref8/cit8b
  doi: 10.1021/cr100327p
– ident: ref5/cit5a
  doi: 10.1039/c1md00134e
– ident: ref6/cit6b
  doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1260212
– ident: ref9/cit9g
  doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00813
– ident: ref9/cit9i
  doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1591850
– ident: ref9/cit9e
  doi: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.040
– ident: ref7/cit7b
  doi: 10.1021/cr200251d
– ident: ref16/cit16
  doi: 10.1002/anie.201804628
– ident: ref8/cit8e
  doi: 10.1021/ja8031423
– ident: ref8/cit8f
  doi: 10.1021/ol401508u
– volume-title: Heterocyclic Chemistry
  year: 2000
  ident: ref2/cit2a
– ident: ref6/cit6a
  doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00021
– ident: ref7/cit7a
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b05414
– ident: ref2/cit2b
  doi: 10.1016/S0065-2725(08)60288-3
– ident: ref1/cit1b
  doi: 10.1021/jm501100b
– ident: ref5/cit5e
  doi: 10.1021/ja5007838
– ident: ref18/cit18
  doi: 10.1039/C5CS00628G
– ident: ref5/cit5f
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b03262
– ident: ref9/cit9d
  doi: 10.1002/anie.201704948
– ident: ref9/cit9b
  doi: 10.1002/cber.19891220118
SSID ssj0000456870
Score 2.5010855
Snippet Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp2–Csp3 coupling processes. We present a...
Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp2-Csp3 coupling processes. We present a...
Alkylated pyridines are common in pharmaceuticals, and metal catalysis is frequently used to prepare this motif via Csp 2 –Csp 3 coupling processes. We present...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
acs
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 4862
Title Cobalt-Catalyzed Alkylation of Drug-Like Molecules and Pharmaceuticals Using Heterocyclic Phosphonium Salts
URI http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b00851
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2309820299
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6814195
Volume 9
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1LT9wwELYQHOilpS91C1SuRA89eImzzuuI0qJVVVAlisQt8itltUuC1slh-fXMONldtq1WnGM7sj2T-ez58g0hJxDVNZcCq5eVigltQ6ZkIFmQKoWkqEh4yv_FZTy-Fj9uopu1TM7fGfyQn0rt_E3GENX7Uvxbei-MwYcRBuVXq_sUhCaprw0HQSxiEcCAPiv5v0EwFmm3GYvWAHOTHvkk3py_6goXOS9TiDST6bBt1FA__Cvi-IypHJCXPeykZ52dvCY7tnpD9vNltbe3ZJqjMEjDcuy5eLCGns2mi44oR-uSfpu3f9jPydTSi66grnVUVob-un16J-6opyDQMZJsar3Qs4mGJrVDBvykvaNX8A73jlyff_-dj1lfiIFJkcQNiwLNRyW4qiwF17JMSiERF9ksi9LYiMAiLjMyNMYEmeJKhoHVmVJc8zgN9Og92a3qyn4gNCzhHCxNYkw8Eim0NlYEEr7WKpNaxOmAfIFVKnpHcoXPkYe8WC5d0S_dgJwut67QvZo5FtWYbenxddXjvlPy2NL289IaCtgHzKHIytatK-DElgFogiA-IMmGmawGRcHuzSfV5NYLd8cpFzyLPj5zjofkBcCzzBPTkiOy28xbewwQqFGfvO0_AkrNBaY
linkProvider American Chemical Society
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1bb9MwFD6axsN4YVxFx2VGggce3MWpc3uswqYC7YTYJu0t8i2saknQnDx0v55jN-lWhCZ4TWzH15zPPp-_A_AerbpigrvoZaWkXJmQShEIGqRSOlJUxD3lf3YaTy74l8vocgdYfxcGK2GxJOud-LfqAuwIn_kDjaET8UvdpekHiEVCN6nH-dnmWMUhlNSHiENbFtEI0UDnnPxbIc4kKbttkm5x5jZL8o7ZOdmH75sKe7bJYtg2cqhu_tBy_K8WPYZHHQgl4_WseQI7pnoKe3kf--0ZLHInE9LQ3OVc3RhNxsvFak2bI3VJPl23P-h0vjBktg6vaywRlSbfru6ekFviCQlk4ig3tVqp5Vxhkto6Pvy8_UnO8Bv2OVycHJ_nE9qFZaCCJ3FDo0CxUYkLV5ScKVEmJRcOJZksi9JY88A4lKZFqLUOMsmkCAOjMimZYnEaqNEL2K3qyrwEEpa4KxY60Toe8RRTa8MDgf9umQnF43QAH7CXim5Z2cJ7zENW9F1XdF03gKN-BAvVaZu7EBvLe3J83OT4tdb1uCftu35SFDgOzqMiKlO3tsD9W4YQCk36AJKt2bIp1Ml3b7-p5ldexjtOGWdZdPCPbTyEvcn5bFpMP59-fQUPEbhlnrKWvIbd5ro1bxAcNfKtXw6_AZapDgc
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Lb9QwELaqIgEXKC-xPIqR4MDB2zjrvI6rtKsF2qpSKeot8ivtapekqpPD9tcz402WboUquCa248dM5rPn8wwhn8Cqay4FZi8rFRPahkzJQLIgVQpJUZHwlP-j43h6Jr6dR-dbJOrvwkAnHLTkvBMftfrKlF2EAb4Hz_2hxhAD-aV4cfoBeu1QsMf56fpoBVFK6tPEgT2LWASIoHNQ_q0RNEvabZqlP1hzkyl5y_RMnpKf6057xsl82DZqqG_uxHP871HtkCcdGKXjlfQ8I1u2ek4e5X0OuBdknmO4kIblWHN5Yw0dL-bLFX2O1iXdv24v2OFsbunRKs2udVRWhp5c3j4pd9QTE-gUqTe1XurFTEOR2iEvftb-oqfwDfeSnE0OfuRT1qVnYFIkccOiQPNRCQosS8G1LJNSSERLNsuiNDYisIjWjAyNMUGmuJJhYHWmFNc8TgM9ekW2q7qyrwkNS9gdS5MYE49ECqWNFYGEf7jKpBZxOiCfYZaKTr1c4T3nIS_6qSu6qRuQvX4VC93FOMdUG4t7anxZ17haxfe4p-zHXjAKWAf0rMjK1q0rYB-XAZQC0z4gyYbErBvFMN6bb6rZpQ_nHadc8Cx6849j_EAenuxPisOvx9_fkseA3zLPXEveke3murXvASM1atdrxG8m0xCK
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cobalt-Catalyzed+Alkylation+of+Drug-Like+Molecules+and+Pharmaceuticals+Using+Heterocyclic+Phosphonium+Salts&rft.jtitle=ACS+catalysis&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xuan&rft.au=McNally%2C+Andrew&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft.issn=2155-5435&rft.eissn=2155-5435&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=4862&rft.epage=4866&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Facscatal.9b00851&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1021_acscatal_9b00851
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2155-5435&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2155-5435&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2155-5435&client=summon