Ionic Liquid-Modified Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Strip for Analysis of Fentanyl
The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile f...
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| Published in | Analytical chemistry (Washington) Vol. 91; no. 5; pp. 3747 - 3753 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
American Chemical Society
05.03.2019
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0003-2700 1520-6882 1520-6882 |
| DOI | 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00176 |
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| Abstract | The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1pyrr][NTf2], toward such rapid “on-the-spot” fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at −0.235 and −0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the “point of need”. |
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| AbstractList | The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C₄C₁pyrr][NTf₂], toward such rapid “on-the-spot” fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at −0.235 and −0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the “point of need”. The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1pyrr][NTf2], toward such rapid "on-the-spot" fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at -0.235 and -0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the "point of need".The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1pyrr][NTf2], toward such rapid "on-the-spot" fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at -0.235 and -0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the "point of need". The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1pyrr][NTf2], toward such rapid “on-the-spot” fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at −0.235 and −0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the “point of need”. The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4C1pyrr][NTf2], toward such rapid “on-the-spot” fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at −0.235 and −0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the “point of need”. The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and its analogues as contaminating materials in illicit drug products presents a major hazard to first responder and law enforcement communities. Electrochemical techniques have the potential to provide critical information to these personnel via rapid, facile field detection of these materials. Here we demonstrate the use of cyclic square wave voltammetry (CSWV) with screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), modified with the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C C pyrr][NTf ], toward such rapid "on-the-spot" fentanyl detection. This CSWV-based disposable sensor strip system provides an information-rich electrochemical fingerprint of fentanyl, composed of an initial oxidation event at +0.556 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reversible reduction and oxidation reaction at -0.235 and -0.227 V, respectively. The combined current and potential characteristics of these anodic and cathodic fentanyl peaks, generated using two CSWV cycles, thus lead to a distinct electrochemical signature. This CSWV profile facilitates rapid (1 min) identification of the target opioid at micromolar concentrations in the presence of other cutting agents commonly found in illicit drug formulations. The new protocol thus holds considerable promise for rapid decentralized fentanyl detection at the "point of need". |
| Author | Bagot, Kara S Li, Zhanhong Mishra, Rupesh K Goud, K. Yugender Wang, Joseph Goodchild, Sarah A Shah, Rushabh Hubble, Lee J McIntosh, Alastair J. S Barfidokht, Abbas |
| AuthorAffiliation | Department of Chemistry University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry Department of NanoEngineering CSIRO Manufacturing |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: University of California, San Diego – name: Department of Chemistry – name: Department of NanoEngineering – name: CSIRO Manufacturing – name: Department of Psychiatry |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sarah A surname: Goodchild fullname: Goodchild, Sarah A organization: Department of Chemistry – sequence: 2 givenname: Lee J surname: Hubble fullname: Hubble, Lee J organization: CSIRO Manufacturing – sequence: 3 givenname: Rupesh K surname: Mishra fullname: Mishra, Rupesh K organization: Department of NanoEngineering – sequence: 4 givenname: Zhanhong surname: Li fullname: Li, Zhanhong organization: Department of NanoEngineering – sequence: 5 givenname: K. Yugender surname: Goud fullname: Goud, K. Yugender organization: Department of NanoEngineering – sequence: 6 givenname: Abbas surname: Barfidokht fullname: Barfidokht, Abbas organization: Department of NanoEngineering – sequence: 7 givenname: Rushabh surname: Shah fullname: Shah, Rushabh organization: Department of NanoEngineering – sequence: 8 givenname: Kara S surname: Bagot fullname: Bagot, Kara S organization: University of California, San Diego – sequence: 9 givenname: Alastair J. S orcidid: 0000-0001-9780-2840 surname: McIntosh fullname: McIntosh, Alastair J. S organization: Department of Chemistry – sequence: 10 givenname: Joseph orcidid: 0000-0002-4921-9674 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Joseph email: josephwang@eng.ucsd.edu organization: Department of NanoEngineering |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30773004$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | ambient temperature Analytical chemistry carbon electrodes Chemical sensors Chemistry cutting agents drug formulations Electrochemistry Emergency response Fentanyl First responders Formulations human resources illicit drugs Information systems Ionic liquids Ions law enforcement Opioids Oxidation sensors (equipment) silver Silver chloride Square waves Target recognition |
| Title | Ionic Liquid-Modified Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Strip for Analysis of Fentanyl |
| URI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00176 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30773004 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2216276453 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2183181046 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2221009168 |
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