Advances in Materials and Applications of Inorganic Electrides

Electrides are materials in which electrons serve as anions. Here, the concept of inorganic electrides is extended in several respects: from ionic crystals to intermetallic compounds in host materials, from crystalline to amorphous solids, and from 0-dimensional to 1- and 2-dimensional materials in...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inChemical reviews Vol. 121; no. 5; pp. 3121 - 3185
Main Authors Hosono, Hideo, Kitano, Masaaki
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States American Chemical Society 10.03.2021
Subjects
Ammonia
Amorphous materials
Anions
Carbon
Chemical reactions
Chemical synthesis
Confined spaces
Crystallography
Crystals
Electron gas
Electron mobility
Electrons
High pressure
hydrogen
hydrogenation
Intermetallic compounds
Ionic crystals
Renewable energy sources
topology
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0009-2665
1520-6890
1520-6890
DOI10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01071

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Abstract Electrides are materials in which electrons serve as anions. Here, the concept of inorganic electrides is extended in several respects: from ionic crystals to intermetallic compounds in host materials, from crystalline to amorphous solids, and from 0-dimensional to 1- and 2-dimensional materials in electron-confined spaces. In particular, 2D electrides, in which anionic electrons are sandwiched by cationic slabs, can form a bulk crystal of a 2-dimensional electron gas, thus exhibiting a large electron mobility and providing a platform for topological materials. Exploration of new electrides by computation and high pressure has advanced, revealing that an electride is a stable equilibrium phase of many elements and compounds under high pressure. This review describes the history and current status of electride research and next summarizes the chemical application of electrides and relevant materials. An emphasis is placed on catalysts for ammonia synthesis from N2 and H2 at mild conditions. This subject is accelerated by a demand for on-site ammonia synthesis using hydrogen produced by renewable energy sources. A wide applicability of electride for chemical reactions such selective hydrogenation and carbon–carbon coupling is shown by extending the concept of electrides. Finally, a view for the relationship between electrides and crystallographic voids and current issues are described.
AbstractList Electrides are materials in which electrons serve as anions. Here, the concept of inorganic electrides is extended in several respects: from ionic crystals to intermetallic compounds in host materials, from crystalline to amorphous solids, and from 0-dimensional to 1- and 2-dimensional materials in electron-confined spaces. In particular, 2D electrides, in which anionic electrons are sandwiched by cationic slabs, can form a bulk crystal of a 2-dimensional electron gas, thus exhibiting a large electron mobility and providing a platform for topological materials. Exploration of new electrides by computation and high pressure has advanced, revealing that an electride is a stable equilibrium phase of many elements and compounds under high pressure. This review describes the history and current status of electride research and next summarizes the chemical application of electrides and relevant materials. An emphasis is placed on catalysts for ammonia synthesis from N2 and H2 at mild conditions. This subject is accelerated by a demand for on-site ammonia synthesis using hydrogen produced by renewable energy sources. A wide applicability of electride for chemical reactions such selective hydrogenation and carbon–carbon coupling is shown by extending the concept of electrides. Finally, a view for the relationship between electrides and crystallographic voids and current issues are described.
Electrides are materials in which electrons serve as anions. Here, the concept of inorganic electrides is extended in several respects: from ionic crystals to intermetallic compounds in host materials, from crystalline to amorphous solids, and from 0-dimensional to 1- and 2-dimensional materials in electron-confined spaces. In particular, 2D electrides, in which anionic electrons are sandwiched by cationic slabs, can form a bulk crystal of a 2-dimensional electron gas, thus exhibiting a large electron mobility and providing a platform for topological materials. Exploration of new electrides by computation and high pressure has advanced, revealing that an electride is a stable equilibrium phase of many elements and compounds under high pressure. This review describes the history and current status of electride research and next summarizes the chemical application of electrides and relevant materials. An emphasis is placed on catalysts for ammonia synthesis from N₂ and H₂ at mild conditions. This subject is accelerated by a demand for on-site ammonia synthesis using hydrogen produced by renewable energy sources. A wide applicability of electride for chemical reactions such selective hydrogenation and carbon–carbon coupling is shown by extending the concept of electrides. Finally, a view for the relationship between electrides and crystallographic voids and current issues are described.
Electrides are materials in which electrons serve as anions. Here, the concept of inorganic electrides is extended in several respects: from ionic crystals to intermetallic compounds in host materials, from crystalline to amorphous solids, and from 0-dimensional to 1- and 2-dimensional materials in electron-confined spaces. In particular, 2D electrides, in which anionic electrons are sandwiched by cationic slabs, can form a bulk crystal of a 2-dimensional electron gas, thus exhibiting a large electron mobility and providing a platform for topological materials. Exploration of new electrides by computation and high pressure has advanced, revealing that an electride is a stable equilibrium phase of many elements and compounds under high pressure. This review describes the history and current status of electride research and next summarizes the chemical application of electrides and relevant materials. An emphasis is placed on catalysts for ammonia synthesis from N and H at mild conditions. This subject is accelerated by a demand for on-site ammonia synthesis using hydrogen produced by renewable energy sources. A wide applicability of electride for chemical reactions such selective hydrogenation and carbon-carbon coupling is shown by extending the concept of electrides. Finally, a view for the relationship between electrides and crystallographic voids and current issues are described.
Electrides are materials in which electrons serve as anions. Here, the concept of inorganic electrides is extended in several respects: from ionic crystals to intermetallic compounds in host materials, from crystalline to amorphous solids, and from 0-dimensional to 1- and 2-dimensional materials in electron-confined spaces. In particular, 2D electrides, in which anionic electrons are sandwiched by cationic slabs, can form a bulk crystal of a 2-dimensional electron gas, thus exhibiting a large electron mobility and providing a platform for topological materials. Exploration of new electrides by computation and high pressure has advanced, revealing that an electride is a stable equilibrium phase of many elements and compounds under high pressure. This review describes the history and current status of electride research and next summarizes the chemical application of electrides and relevant materials. An emphasis is placed on catalysts for ammonia synthesis from N2 and H2 at mild conditions. This subject is accelerated by a demand for on-site ammonia synthesis using hydrogen produced by renewable energy sources. A wide applicability of electride for chemical reactions such selective hydrogenation and carbon-carbon coupling is shown by extending the concept of electrides. Finally, a view for the relationship between electrides and crystallographic voids and current issues are described.Electrides are materials in which electrons serve as anions. Here, the concept of inorganic electrides is extended in several respects: from ionic crystals to intermetallic compounds in host materials, from crystalline to amorphous solids, and from 0-dimensional to 1- and 2-dimensional materials in electron-confined spaces. In particular, 2D electrides, in which anionic electrons are sandwiched by cationic slabs, can form a bulk crystal of a 2-dimensional electron gas, thus exhibiting a large electron mobility and providing a platform for topological materials. Exploration of new electrides by computation and high pressure has advanced, revealing that an electride is a stable equilibrium phase of many elements and compounds under high pressure. This review describes the history and current status of electride research and next summarizes the chemical application of electrides and relevant materials. An emphasis is placed on catalysts for ammonia synthesis from N2 and H2 at mild conditions. This subject is accelerated by a demand for on-site ammonia synthesis using hydrogen produced by renewable energy sources. A wide applicability of electride for chemical reactions such selective hydrogenation and carbon-carbon coupling is shown by extending the concept of electrides. Finally, a view for the relationship between electrides and crystallographic voids and current issues are described.
Author Hosono, Hideo
Kitano, Masaaki
AuthorAffiliation International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)
Materials Research Center for Element Strategy
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
Tokyo Institute of Technology
National Institute for Materials Science
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: National Institute for Materials Science
– name: Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)
– name: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
– name: Materials Research Center for Element Strategy
– name: International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
– name: Tokyo Institute of Technology
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Hideo
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9260-6728
  surname: Hosono
  fullname: Hosono, Hideo
  email: hosono@mces.titech.ac.jp
  organization: National Institute for Materials Science
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Masaaki
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4466-7387
  surname: Kitano
  fullname: Kitano, Masaaki
  organization: Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33606511$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet Electrides are materials in which electrons serve as anions. Here, the concept of inorganic electrides is extended in several respects: from ionic crystals to...
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SubjectTerms Ammonia
Amorphous materials
Anions
Carbon
Chemical reactions
Chemical synthesis
Confined spaces
Crystallography
Crystals
Electron gas
Electron mobility
Electrons
High pressure
hydrogen
hydrogenation
Intermetallic compounds
Ionic crystals
Renewable energy sources
topology
Title Advances in Materials and Applications of Inorganic Electrides
URI http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01071
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33606511
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2507174427
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Volume 121
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