Sequential Lonsdaleite to Diamond Formation in Ureilite Meteorites via In Situ Chemical Fluid/Vapor Deposition
Ureilite meteorites are arguably our only large suite of samples from the mantle of a dwarf planet and typically contain greater abundances of diamond than any known rock. Some also contain lonsdaleite, which may be harder than diamond. Here, we use electron microscopy to map the relative distributi...
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| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 119; no. 38; pp. 1 - 8 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
National Academy of Sciences
20.09.2022
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Ureilite meteorites are arguably our only large suite of samples from the mantle of a dwarf planet and typically contain greater abundances of diamond than any known rock. Some also contain lonsdaleite, which may be harder than diamond. Here, we use electron microscopy to map the relative distribution of coexisting lonsdaleite, diamond, and graphite in ureilites. These maps show that lonsdaleite tends to occur as polycrystalline grains, sometimes with distinctive fold morphologies, partially replaced by diamond + graphite in rims and cross-cutting veins. These observations provide strong evidence for how the carbon phases formed in ureilites, which, despite much conjecture and seemingly conflicting observations, has not been resolved. We suggest that lonsdaleite formed by pseudomorphic replacement of primary graphite shapes, facilitated by a supercritical C-H-O-S fluid during rapid decompression and cooling. Diamond + graphite formed after lonsdaleite via ongoing reaction with C-H-O-S gas. This graphite > lonsdaleite > diamond + graphite formation process is akin to industrial chemical vapor deposition but operates at higher pressure (∼1–100 bar) and provides a pathway toward manufacture of shaped lonsdaleite for industrial application. It also provides a unique model for ureilites that can reconcile all conflicting observations relating to diamond formation. |
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| AbstractList | Ureilite meteorites are arguably our only large suite of samples from the mantle of a dwarf planet and typically contain greater abundances of diamond than any known rock. Some also contain lonsdaleite, which may be harder than diamond. Here, we use electron microscopy to map the relative distribution of coexisting lonsdaleite, diamond, and graphite in ureilites. These maps show that lonsdaleite tends to occur as polycrystalline grains, sometimes with distinctive fold morphologies, partially replaced by diamond + graphite in rims and cross-cutting veins. These observations provide strong evidence for how the carbon phases formed in ureilites, which, despite much conjecture and seemingly conflicting observations, has not been resolved. We suggest that lonsdaleite formed by pseudomorphic replacement of primary graphite shapes, facilitated by a supercritical C-H-O-S fluid during rapid decompression and cooling. Diamond + graphite formed after lonsdaleite via ongoing reaction with C-H-O-S gas. This graphite > lonsdaleite > diamond + graphite formation process is akin to industrial chemical vapor deposition but operates at higher pressure (∼1–100 bar) and provides a pathway toward manufacture of shaped lonsdaleite for industrial application. It also provides a unique model for ureilites that can reconcile all conflicting observations relating to diamond formation. We report on lonsdaleite and diamond formation in ureilite meteorites, which likely come from the mantle of a destroyed inner solar system dwarf planet. In these meteorites, folded graphite crystals have been pseudomorphed by lonsdaleite. This occurred at mildly elevated pressures through reaction between graphite and supercritical C-H-O-S fluids. Ongoing reaction during cooling then promoted partial replacement of lonsdaleite by diamond + graphite. This process is akin to industrial chemical vapor deposition but operates at higher pressure (∼1–100 bar) and provides a pathway toward manufacture of shaped lonsdaleite for industrial application. Ureilite meteorites are arguably our only large suite of samples from the mantle of a dwarf planet and typically contain greater abundances of diamond than any known rock. Some also contain lonsdaleite, which may be harder than diamond. Here, we use electron microscopy to map the relative distribution of coexisting lonsdaleite, diamond, and graphite in ureilites. These maps show that lonsdaleite tends to occur as polycrystalline grains, sometimes with distinctive fold morphologies, partially replaced by diamond + graphite in rims and cross-cutting veins. These observations provide strong evidence for how the carbon phases formed in ureilites, which, despite much conjecture and seemingly conflicting observations, has not been resolved. We suggest that lonsdaleite formed by pseudomorphic replacement of primary graphite shapes, facilitated by a supercritical C-H-O-S fluid during rapid decompression and cooling. Diamond + graphite formed after lonsdaleite via ongoing reaction with C-H-O-S gas. This graphite > lonsdaleite > diamond + graphite formation process is akin to industrial chemical vapor deposition but operates at higher pressure (∼1–100 bar) and provides a pathway toward manufacture of shaped lonsdaleite for industrial application. It also provides a unique model for ureilites that can reconcile all conflicting observations relating to diamond formation. Ureilite meteorites are arguably our only large suite of samples from the mantle of a dwarf planet and typically contain greater abundances of diamond than any known rock. Some also contain lonsdaleite, which may be harder than diamond. Here, we use electron microscopy to map the relative distribution of coexisting lonsdaleite, diamond, and graphite in ureilites. These maps show that lonsdaleite tends to occur as polycrystalline grains, sometimes with distinctive fold morphologies, partially replaced by diamond + graphite in rims and cross-cutting veins. These observations provide strong evidence for how the carbon phases formed in ureilites, which, despite much conjecture and seemingly conflicting observations, has not been resolved. We suggest that lonsdaleite formed by pseudomorphic replacement of primary graphite shapes, facilitated by a supercritical C-H-O-S fluid during rapid decompression and cooling. Diamond + graphite formed after lonsdaleite via ongoing reaction with C-H-O-S gas. This graphite > lonsdaleite > diamond + graphite formation process is akin to industrial chemical vapor deposition but operates at higher pressure (∼1-100 bar) and provides a pathway toward manufacture of shaped lonsdaleite for industrial application. It also provides a unique model for ureilites that can reconcile all conflicting observations relating to diamond formation.Ureilite meteorites are arguably our only large suite of samples from the mantle of a dwarf planet and typically contain greater abundances of diamond than any known rock. Some also contain lonsdaleite, which may be harder than diamond. Here, we use electron microscopy to map the relative distribution of coexisting lonsdaleite, diamond, and graphite in ureilites. These maps show that lonsdaleite tends to occur as polycrystalline grains, sometimes with distinctive fold morphologies, partially replaced by diamond + graphite in rims and cross-cutting veins. These observations provide strong evidence for how the carbon phases formed in ureilites, which, despite much conjecture and seemingly conflicting observations, has not been resolved. We suggest that lonsdaleite formed by pseudomorphic replacement of primary graphite shapes, facilitated by a supercritical C-H-O-S fluid during rapid decompression and cooling. Diamond + graphite formed after lonsdaleite via ongoing reaction with C-H-O-S gas. This graphite > lonsdaleite > diamond + graphite formation process is akin to industrial chemical vapor deposition but operates at higher pressure (∼1-100 bar) and provides a pathway toward manufacture of shaped lonsdaleite for industrial application. It also provides a unique model for ureilites that can reconcile all conflicting observations relating to diamond formation. |
| Author | Wilson, Nicholas C. Field, Matthew R. McCulloch, Dougal G. Salek, Alan Tomkins, Andrew G. Pintér, Zsanett Brand, Helen E. A. Torpy, Aaron Stephen, Natasha R. MacRae, Colin Langendam, Andrew D. Jennings, Lauren A. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Andrew G. surname: Tomkins fullname: Tomkins, Andrew G. – sequence: 2 givenname: Nicholas C. surname: Wilson fullname: Wilson, Nicholas C. – sequence: 3 givenname: Colin surname: MacRae fullname: MacRae, Colin – sequence: 4 givenname: Alan surname: Salek fullname: Salek, Alan – sequence: 5 givenname: Matthew R. surname: Field fullname: Field, Matthew R. – sequence: 6 givenname: Helen E. A. surname: Brand fullname: Brand, Helen E. A. – sequence: 7 givenname: Andrew D. surname: Langendam fullname: Langendam, Andrew D. – sequence: 8 givenname: Natasha R. surname: Stephen fullname: Stephen, Natasha R. – sequence: 9 givenname: Aaron surname: Torpy fullname: Torpy, Aaron – sequence: 10 givenname: Zsanett surname: Pintér fullname: Pintér, Zsanett – sequence: 11 givenname: Lauren A. surname: Jennings fullname: Jennings, Lauren A. – sequence: 12 givenname: Dougal G. surname: McCulloch fullname: McCulloch, Dougal G. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36095186$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_epsl_2023_118201 crossref_primary_10_1038_s42004_024_01200_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lithos_2024_107775 crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0138911 crossref_primary_10_1557_s43579_023_00411_9 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2304890120 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_earscirev_2023_104502 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scib_2025_03_003 crossref_primary_10_1111_maps_14082 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gca_2024_04_027 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2305559120 crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_6463_ad85ef |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2022 the Author(s) Copyright National Academy of Sciences Sep 20, 2022 Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. 2022 |
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| Keywords | meteorite diamond lonsdaleite ureilite chemical vapor deposition |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Edited by Timothy Grove, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; received May 22, 2022; accepted August 5, 2022 Author contributions: A.G.T., D.G.M., N.C.W., C.M. designed research; A.G.T., N.C.W., C.M., A.S., M.R.F., H.E.A.B., A.D.L., N.R.S., A.T., L.A.J., and D.G.M. performed research; A.G.T., N.C.W., C.M., A.S., M.R.F., H.E.A.B., A.T., Z.P., L.A.J., and D.G.M. analyzed data; and A.G.T., D.G.M. wrote the paper. |
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| Snippet | Ureilite meteorites are arguably our only large suite of samples from the mantle of a dwarf planet and typically contain greater abundances of diamond than any... We report on lonsdaleite and diamond formation in ureilite meteorites, which likely come from the mantle of a destroyed inner solar system dwarf planet. In... |
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| SubjectTerms | Chemical vapor deposition Cross cutting Decompression Diamond machining Dwarf planets Electron microscopy Graphite Industrial applications Meteorites Meteors & meteorites Physical Sciences Planetary mantles Ureilites Vapors |
| Title | Sequential Lonsdaleite to Diamond Formation in Ureilite Meteorites via In Situ Chemical Fluid/Vapor Deposition |
| URI | https://www.jstor.org/stable/27207095 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36095186 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2716586748 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2714063342 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9499504 |
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