What Makes a Natural Clay Antibacterial?
Natural clays have been used in ancient and modern medicine, but the mechanism(s) that make certain clays lethal against bacterial pathogens has not been identified. We have compared the depositional environments, mineralogies, and chemistries of clays that exhibit antibacterial effects on a broad s...
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Published in | Environmental science & technology Vol. 45; no. 8; pp. 3768 - 3773 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Washington, DC
American Chemical Society
15.04.2011
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | Natural clays have been used in ancient and modern medicine, but the mechanism(s) that make certain clays lethal against bacterial pathogens has not been identified. We have compared the depositional environments, mineralogies, and chemistries of clays that exhibit antibacterial effects on a broad spectrum of human pathogens including antibiotic resistant strains. Natural antibacterial clays contain nanoscale (<200 nm), illite-smectite and reduced iron phases. The role of clay minerals in the bactericidal process is to buffer the aqueous pH and oxidation state to conditions that promote Fe2+ solubility. Chemical analyses of E. coli killed by aqueous leachates of an antibacterial clay show that intracellular concentrations of Fe and P are elevated relative to controls. Phosphorus uptake by the cells supports a regulatory role of polyphosphate or phospholipids in controlling Fe2+. Fenton reaction products can degrade critical cell components, but we deduce that extracellular processes do not cause cell death. Rather, Fe2+ overwhelms outer membrane regulatory proteins and is oxidized when it enters the cell, precipitating Fe3+ and producing lethal hydroxyl radicals. |
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AbstractList | Natural clays have been used in ancient and modern medicine, but the mechanism(s) that make certain clays lethal against bacterial pathogens has not been identified. We have compared the depositional environments, mineralogies, and chemistries of clays that exhibit antibacterial effects on a broad spectrum of human pathogens including antibiotic resistant strains. Natural antibacterial clays contain nanoscale (<200 nm), illite-smectite and reduced iron phases. The role of clay minerals in the bactericidal process is to buffer the aqueous pH and oxidation state to conditions that promote Fe
2+
solubility.
Chemical analyses of
E. coli
killed by aqueous leachates of an antibacterial clay show that intracellular concentrations of Fe and P are elevated relative to controls. Phosphorus uptake by the cells supports a regulatory role of polyphosphate or phospholipids in controlling Fe
2+
. Fenton reaction products can degrade critical cell components, but we deduce that extracellular processes do not cause cell death. Rather, Fe
2+
overwhelms outer membrane regulatory proteins and is oxidized when it enters the cell, precipitating Fe
3+
and producing lethal hydroxyl radicals. Natural clays have been used in ancient and modern medicine, but the mechanism(s) that make certain clays lethal against bacterial pathogens has not been identified. We have compared the depositional environments, mineralogies, and chemistries of clays that exhibit antibacterial effects on a broad spectrum of human pathogens including antibiotic resistant strains. Natural antibacterial clays contain nanoscale (<200 nm), illite-smectite and reduced iron phases. The role of clay minerals in the bactericidal process is to buffer the aqueous pH and oxidation state to conditions that promote Fe(2+) solubility. Chemical analyses of E. coli killed by aqueous leachates of an antibacterial clay show that intracellular concentrations of Fe and P are elevated relative to controls. Phosphorus uptake by the cells supports a regulatory role of polyphosphate or phospholipids in controlling Fe(2+). Fenton reaction products can degrade critical cell components, but we deduce that extracellular processes do not cause cell death. Rather, Fe(2+) overwhelms outer membrane regulatory proteins and is oxidized when it enters the cell, precipitating Fe(3+) and producing lethal hydroxyl radicals. Natural clays have been used in ancient and modern medicine, but the mechanism(s) that make certain clays lethal against bacterial pathogens has not been identified. We have compared the depositional environments, mineralogies, and chemistries of clays that exhibit antibacterial effects on a broad spectrum of human pathogens including antibiotic resistant strains. Natural antibacterial clays contain nanoscale (<200 nm), illite-smectite and reduced iron phases. The role of clay minerals in the bactericidal process is to buffer the aqueous pH and oxidation state to conditions that promote Fe2+ solubility. Chemical analyses of E. coli killed by aqueous leachates of an antibacterial clay show that intracellular concentrations of Fe and P are elevated relative to controls. Phosphorus uptake by the cells supports a regulatory role of polyphosphate or phospholipids in controlling Fe2+. Fenton reaction products can degrade critical cell components, but we deduce that extracellular processes do not cause cell death. Rather, Fe2+ overwhelms outer membrane regulatory proteins and is oxidized when it enters the cell, precipitating Fe3+ and producing lethal hydroxyl radicals. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Natural clays have been used in ancient and modern medicine, but the mechanism(s) that make certain clays lethal against bacterial pathogens has not been identified. We have compared the depositional environments, mineralogies, and chemistries of clays that exhibit antibacterial effects on a broad spectrum of human pathogens including antibiotic resistant strains. Natural antibacterial clays contain nanoscale (<200 nm), illite-smectite and reduced iron phases. The role of clay minerals in the bactericidal process is to buffer the aqueous pH and oxidation state to conditions that promote Fe2+ solubility. Chemical analyses of E. coli killed by aqueous leachates of an antibacterial clay show that intracellular concentrations of Fe and P are elevated relative to controls. Phosphorus uptake by the cells supports a regulatory role of polyphosphate or phospholipids in controlling Fe2+. Fenton reaction products can degrade critical cell components, but we deduce that extracellular processes do not cause cell death. Rather, Fe2+ overwhelms outer membrane regulatory proteins and is oxidized when it enters the cell, precipitating Fe3+ and producing lethal hydroxyl radicals. |
Author | Prapaipong, Panjai Harvey, Ronald W Metge, David W Poret-Peterson, Amisha T Williams, Lynda B Turner, Amanda G Eberl, Dennis D |
AuthorAffiliation | Arizona State University U.S. Geological Survey |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: U.S. Geological Survey – name: Arizona State University – name: School of Earth & Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States – name: U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine St., Suite E127, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lynda B surname: Williams fullname: Williams, Lynda B email: Lynda.Williams@asu.edu – sequence: 2 givenname: David W surname: Metge fullname: Metge, David W – sequence: 3 givenname: Dennis D surname: Eberl fullname: Eberl, Dennis D – sequence: 4 givenname: Ronald W surname: Harvey fullname: Harvey, Ronald W – sequence: 5 givenname: Amanda G surname: Turner fullname: Turner, Amanda G – sequence: 6 givenname: Panjai surname: Prapaipong fullname: Prapaipong, Panjai – sequence: 7 givenname: Amisha T surname: Poret-Peterson fullname: Poret-Peterson, Amisha T |
BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24099019$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21413758$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | Clay Pharmacological activity Antiseptic Natural product Physicochemical properties activity relationship Antibacterial agent Biological activity |
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Snippet | Natural clays have been used in ancient and modern medicine, but the mechanism(s) that make certain clays lethal against bacterial pathogens has not been... |
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SubjectTerms | Aluminum Silicates - chemistry Aluminum Silicates - toxicity Anti-Bacterial Agents - analysis Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry Anti-Bacterial Agents - toxicity Antibacterial agents Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Biological and medical sciences Cells Clay E coli Ecotoxicology and Human Environmental Health Environmental science Escherichia coli - drug effects Escherichia coli - metabolism Escherichia coli - ultrastructure Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Hydroxyl Radical - chemistry Iron Iron - metabolism Medical sciences Microscopy, Electron, Transmission Minerals - analysis Minerals - chemistry Minerals - toxicity Oxidation Oxidation-Reduction Pathogens Pharmacology. Drug treatments Phosphorus - metabolism Silicates - analysis Silicates - chemistry Silicates - toxicity |
Title | What Makes a Natural Clay Antibacterial? |
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