Cenozoic reactivation of the Great Glen Fault, Scotland; additional evidence and possible causes

The Great Glen Fault trends NNE-SSW across northern Scotland. According to previous studies, the Great Glen Fault developed as a left-lateral strike-slip fault during the Caledonian Orogeny (Ordovician to Early Devonian). However, it then reactivated right-laterally in the Tertiary. We discuss addit...

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Published in	Journal of the Geological Society Vol. 170; no. 3; pp. 403 - 415
Main Authors	Le Breton, Eline, Cobbold, P. R, Zanella, A
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London, UK Geological Society of London 01.05.2013 The Geological Society of London Geological Society Publishing House
Subjects	Calcite Caledonian Orogeny Cenozoic clastic rocks Devonian displacements Earth Sciences Eathie Scotland Environmental Sciences Eocene Europe exhumation Faroe fracture zone faults folds Fracture zones Geological time Geology Global Changes Great Britain Great Glen Fault Helmsdale Scotland Jurassic lateral faults left-lateral faults Mesozoic Moray Firth More-Trondclag Fault Norway Ocean floor Oligocene Ordovician Organic matter Orogeny Paleogene Paleozoic rates reactivation Scandinavia Sciences of the Universe Scotland sea-floor spreading sedimentary rocks shale Shandwick Scotland strike-slip faults Structural geology Studies Tectonics Tertiary transpression United Kingdom uplifts Western Europe Iceland ANE, British Isles, Scotland, Moray Firth A, Atlantic ANE, British Isles, Scotland ANE, Atlantic, Faeroe Is
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Abstract	The Great Glen Fault trends NNE-SSW across northern Scotland. According to previous studies, the Great Glen Fault developed as a left-lateral strike-slip fault during the Caledonian Orogeny (Ordovician to Early Devonian). However, it then reactivated right-laterally in the Tertiary. We discuss additional evidence for this later phase. At Eathie and Shandwick, minor folds and faults in fossiliferous Jurassic marine strata indicate post-depositional right-lateral slip. In Jurassic shale, we have found bedding-parallel calcite veins ("beef" and "cone-in-cone") that may provide evidence for overpressure development and maturation of organic matter at significant depth. Thus, the Jurassic strata at Eathie and Shandwick accumulated deeper offshore in the Moray Firth and were subject to Cenozoic exhumation during right-lateral displacement along the Great Glen Fault, as suggested by previous researchers. Differential sea-floor spreading along the NE Atlantic ridge system generated left-lateral transpressional displacements along the Faroe Fracture Zone from the Early Eocene to the Late Oligocene (c. 47-26 Ma), a period of uplift and exhumation in Scotland. We suggest that such differential spreading was responsible for reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. Indeed, left-lateral slip along the Faroe Fracture Zone is compatible with right-lateral reactivation of the Great Glen Fault.
AbstractList	The Great Glen Fault trends NNE-SSW across northern Scotland. According to previous studies, the Great Glen Fault developed as a left-lateral strike-slip fault during the Caledonian Orogeny (Ordovician to Early Devonian). However, it then reactivated right-laterally in the Tertiary. We discuss additional evidence for this later phase. At Eathie and Shandwick, minor folds and faults in fossiliferous Jurassic marine strata indicate post-depositional right-lateral slip. In Jurassic shale, we have found bedding-parallel calcite veins ('beef' and 'cone-in-cone') that may provide evidence for overpressure development and maturation of organic matter at significant depth. Thus, the Jurassic strata at Eathie and Shandwick accumulated deeper offshore in the Moray Firth and were subject to Cenozoic exhumation during right-lateral displacement along the Great Glen Fault, as suggested by previous researchers. Differential sea-floor spreading along the NE Atlantic ridge system generated left-lateral transpressional displacements along the Faroe Fracture Zone from the Early Eocene to the Late Oligocene (c. 47-26 Ma), a period of upliftand exhumation in Scotland. We suggest that such differential spreading was responsible for reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. Indeed, leftlateral slip along the Faroe Fracture Zone is compatible with right-lateral reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. [PUBLICATIONABSTRACT] The Great Glen Fault trends NNE–SSW across northern Scotland. According to previous studies, the Great Glen Fault developed as a left-lateral strike-slip fault during the Caledonian Orogeny (Ordovician to Early Devonian). However, it then reactivated right-laterally in the Tertiary. We discuss additional evidence for this later phase. At Eathie and Shandwick, minor folds and faults in fossiliferous Jurassic marine strata indicate post-depositional right-lateral slip. In Jurassic shale, we have found bedding-parallel calcite veins (‘beef’ and ‘cone-in-cone’) that may provide evidence for overpressure development and maturation of organic matter at significant depth. Thus, the Jurassic strata at Eathie and Shandwick accumulated deeper offshore in the Moray Firth and were subject to Cenozoic exhumation during right-lateral displacement along the Great Glen Fault, as suggested by previous researchers. Differential sea-floor spreading along the NE Atlantic ridge system generated left-lateral transpressional displacements along the Faroe Fracture Zone from the Early Eocene to the Late Oligocene ( c . 47–26 Ma), a period of uplift and exhumation in Scotland. We suggest that such differential spreading was responsible for reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. Indeed, left-lateral slip along the Faroe Fracture Zone is compatible with right-lateral reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. The Great Glen Fault trends NNE-SSW across northern Scotland. According to previous studies, the Great Glen Fault developed as a left-lateral strike-slip fault during the Caledonian Orogeny (Ordovician to Early Devonian). However, it then reactivated right-laterally in the Tertiary. We discuss additional evidence for this later phase. At Eathie and Shandwick, minor folds and faults in fossiliferous Jurassic marine strata indicate post-depositional right-lateral slip. In Jurassic shale, we have found bedding-parallel calcite veins ('beef' and 'cone-in-cone') that may provide evidence for overpressure development and maturation of organic matter at significant depth. Thus, the Jurassic strata at Eathie and Shandwick accumulated deeper offshore in the Moray Firth and were subject to Cenozoic exhumation during right-lateral displacement along the Great Glen Fault, as suggested by previous researchers. Differential sea-floor spreading along the NE Atlantic ridge system generated left-lateral transpressional displacements along the Faroe Fracture Zone from the Early Eocene to the Late Oligocene (c. 47-26 Ma), a period of upliftand exhumation in Scotland. We suggest that such differential spreading was responsible for reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. Indeed, leftlateral slip along the Faroe Fracture Zone is compatible with right-lateral reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] The Great Glen Fault trends NNE–SSW across northern Scotland. According to previous studies, the Great Glen Fault developed as a left-lateral strike-slip fault during the Caledonian Orogeny (Ordovician to Early Devonian). However, it then reactivated right-laterally in the Tertiary. We discuss additional evidence for this later phase. At Eathie and Shandwick, minor folds and faults in fossiliferous Jurassic marine strata indicate post-depositional right-lateral slip. In Jurassic shale, we have found bedding-parallel calcite veins (‘beef’ and ‘cone-in-cone’) that may provide evidence for overpressure development and maturation of organic matter at significant depth. Thus, the Jurassic strata at Eathie and Shandwick accumulated deeper offshore in the Moray Firth and were subject to Cenozoic exhumation during right-lateral displacement along the Great Glen Fault, as suggested by previous researchers. Differential sea-floor spreading along the NE Atlantic ridge system generated left-lateral transpressional displacements along the Faroe Fracture Zone from the Early Eocene to the Late Oligocene (c. 47–26 Ma), a period of uplift and exhumation in Scotland. We suggest that such differential spreading was responsible for reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. Indeed, left-lateral slip along the Faroe Fracture Zone is compatible with right-lateral reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. The Great Glen Fault trends NNE-SSW across northern Scotland. According to previous studies, the Great Glen Fault developed as a left-lateral strike-slip fault during the Caledonian Orogeny (Ordovician to Early Devonian). However, it then reactivated right-laterally in the Tertiary. We discuss additional evidence for this later phase. At Eathie and Shandwick, minor folds and faults in fossiliferous Jurassic marine strata indicate post-depositional right-lateral slip. In Jurassic shale, we have found bedding-parallel calcite veins ('beef' and 'cone-in-cone') that may provide evidence for overpressure development and maturation of organic matter at significant depth. Thus, the Jurassic strata at Eathie and Shandwick accumulated deeper offshore in the Moray Firth and were subject to Cenozoic exhumation during right-lateral displacement along the Great Glen Fault, as suggested by previous researchers. Differential sea-floor spreading along the NE Atlantic ridge system generated left-lateral transpressional displacements along the Faroe Fracture Zone from the Early Eocene to the Late Oligocene (c. 47-26 Ma), a period of uplift and exhumation in Scotland. We suggest that such differential spreading was responsible for reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. Indeed, leftlateral slip along the Faroe Fracture Zone is compatible with right-lateral reactivation of the Great Glen Fault.
Author	Cobbold, P. R Le Breton, Eline Zanella, A
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Snippet	The Great Glen Fault trends NNE-SSW across northern Scotland. According to previous studies, the Great Glen Fault developed as a left-lateral strike-slip fault... The Great Glen Fault trends NNE–SSW across northern Scotland. According to previous studies, the Great Glen Fault developed as a left-lateral strike-slip fault...
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SubjectTerms	Calcite Caledonian Orogeny Cenozoic clastic rocks Devonian displacements Earth Sciences Eathie Scotland Environmental Sciences Eocene Europe exhumation Faroe fracture zone faults folds Fracture zones Geological time Geology Global Changes Great Britain Great Glen Fault Helmsdale Scotland Jurassic lateral faults left-lateral faults Mesozoic Moray Firth More-Trondclag Fault Norway Ocean floor Oligocene Ordovician Organic matter Orogeny Paleogene Paleozoic rates reactivation Scandinavia Sciences of the Universe Scotland sea-floor spreading sedimentary rocks shale Shandwick Scotland strike-slip faults Structural geology Studies Tectonics Tertiary transpression United Kingdom uplifts Western Europe
Title	Cenozoic reactivation of the Great Glen Fault, Scotland; additional evidence and possible causes
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