Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Australopithecus at Sterkfontein, South Africa
Sterkfontein is the most prolific single source of Australopithecus fossils, the vast majority of which were recovered from Member 4, a cave breccia now exposed by erosion and weathering at the landscape surface. A few other Australopithecus fossils, including the StW 573 skeleton, come from subterr...
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Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 119; no. 27; pp. 1 - e2123516119 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Washington
National Academy of Sciences
05.07.2022
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | Sterkfontein is the most prolific single source of
Australopithecus
fossils, the vast majority of which were recovered from Member 4, a cave breccia now exposed by erosion and weathering at the landscape surface. A few other
Australopithecus
fossils, including the StW 573 skeleton, come from subterranean deposits [T. C. Partridge
et al.
,
Science
300, 607–612 (2003); R. J. Clarke, K. Kuman,
J. Hum. Evol.
134, 102634 (2019)]. Here, we report a cosmogenic nuclide isochron burial date of 3.41 ± 0.11 million years (My) within the lower middle part of Member 4, and simple burial dates of 3.49 ± 0.19 My in the upper middle part of Member 4 and 3.61 ± 0.09 My in Jacovec Cavern. Together with a previously published isochron burial date of 3.67 ± 0.16 My for StW 573 [D. E. Granger
et al.
,
Nature
522, 85–88 (2015)], these results place nearly the entire
Australopithecus
assemblage at Sterkfontein in the mid-Pliocene, contemporaneous with
Australopithecus afarensis
in East Africa. Our ages for the fossil-bearing breccia in Member 4 are considerably older than the previous ages of ca. 2.1 to 2.6 My interpreted from flowstones associated with the same deposit. We show that these previously dated flowstones are stratigraphically intrusive within Member 4 and that they therefore underestimate the true age of the fossils. |
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AbstractList | Sterkfontein is the most prolific single source of Australopithecus fossils, the vast majority of which were recovered from Member 4, a cave breccia now exposed by erosion and weathering at the landscape surface. A few other Australopithecus fossils, including the StW 573 skeleton, come from subterranean deposits [T. C. Partridge et al., Science 300, 607–612 (2003); R. J. Clarke, K. Kuman, J. Hum. Evol. 134, 102634 (2019)]. Here, we report a cosmogenic nuclide isochron burial date of 3.41 ± 0.11 million years (My) within the lower middle part of Member 4, and simple burial dates of 3.49 ± 0.19 My in the upper middle part of Member 4 and 3.61 ± 0.09 My in Jacovec Cavern. Together with a previously published isochron burial date of 3.67 ± 0.16 My for StW 573 [D. E. Granger et al., Nature 522, 85–88 (2015)], these results place nearly the entire Australopithecus assemblage at Sterkfontein in the mid-Pliocene, contemporaneous with Australopithecus afarensis in East Africa. Our ages for the fossil-bearing breccia in Member 4 are considerably older than the previous ages of ca. 2.1 to 2.6 My interpreted from flowstones associated with the same deposit. We show that these previously dated flowstones are stratigraphically intrusive within Member 4 and that they therefore underestimate the true age of the fossils. Sterkfontein is the most prolific single source of Australopithecus fossils, the vast majority of which were recovered from Member 4, a cave breccia now exposed by erosion and weathering at the landscape surface. A few other Australopithecus fossils, including the StW 573 skeleton, come from subterranean deposits [T. C. Partridge et al. , Science 300, 607–612 (2003); R. J. Clarke, K. Kuman, J. Hum. Evol. 134, 102634 (2019)]. Here, we report a cosmogenic nuclide isochron burial date of 3.41 ± 0.11 million years (My) within the lower middle part of Member 4, and simple burial dates of 3.49 ± 0.19 My in the upper middle part of Member 4 and 3.61 ± 0.09 My in Jacovec Cavern. Together with a previously published isochron burial date of 3.67 ± 0.16 My for StW 573 [D. E. Granger et al. , Nature 522, 85–88 (2015)], these results place nearly the entire Australopithecus assemblage at Sterkfontein in the mid-Pliocene, contemporaneous with Australopithecus afarensis in East Africa. Our ages for the fossil-bearing breccia in Member 4 are considerably older than the previous ages of ca. 2.1 to 2.6 My interpreted from flowstones associated with the same deposit. We show that these previously dated flowstones are stratigraphically intrusive within Member 4 and that they therefore underestimate the true age of the fossils. Australopithecus fossils from the richest hominin-bearing deposit (Member 4) at Sterkfontein in South Africa are considerably older than previously argued by some and are contemporary with Australopithecus afarensis in East Africa. Our dates demonstrate the limitations of the widely accepted concept that Australopithecus africanus , which is well represented at Sterkfontein, descended from A. afarensis . The contemporaneity of the two species now suggests that a more complex family tree prevailed early in the human evolutionary process. The dates highlight the limitations of faunal age estimates previously relied upon for the South African sites. They further demonstrate the importance of detailed stratigraphic analysis in assessments of accurate dating of the karst cave sites in South Africa, which are stratigraphically highly complex. Sterkfontein is the most prolific single source of Australopithecus fossils, the vast majority of which were recovered from Member 4, a cave breccia now exposed by erosion and weathering at the landscape surface. A few other Australopithecus fossils, including the StW 573 skeleton, come from subterranean deposits [T. C. Partridge et al. , Science 300, 607–612 (2003); R. J. Clarke, K. Kuman, J. Hum. Evol. 134, 102634 (2019)]. Here, we report a cosmogenic nuclide isochron burial date of 3.41 ± 0.11 million years (My) within the lower middle part of Member 4, and simple burial dates of 3.49 ± 0.19 My in the upper middle part of Member 4 and 3.61 ± 0.09 My in Jacovec Cavern. Together with a previously published isochron burial date of 3.67 ± 0.16 My for StW 573 [D. E. Granger et al. , Nature 522, 85–88 (2015)], these results place nearly the entire Australopithecus assemblage at Sterkfontein in the mid-Pliocene, contemporaneous with Australopithecus afarensis in East Africa. Our ages for the fossil-bearing breccia in Member 4 are considerably older than the previous ages of ca. 2.1 to 2.6 My interpreted from flowstones associated with the same deposit. We show that these previously dated flowstones are stratigraphically intrusive within Member 4 and that they therefore underestimate the true age of the fossils. |
Author | Bruxelles, Laurent Clarke, Ronald J Granger, Darryl E Kuman, Kathleen Stratford, Dominic Gibbon, Ryan J |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1002_evan_21972 crossref_primary_10_1002_evan_22018 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_anthro_2022_103068 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2210627119 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0289513 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2023_103334 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2023_103346 crossref_primary_10_7717_peerj_17478 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_quascirev_2024_108621 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2301351120 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhevol_2022_103255 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2217198119 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2300314120 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10437_024_09580_x crossref_primary_10_1038_s41586_023_05957_1 crossref_primary_10_4000_bmsap_10398 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_022_33316_7 crossref_primary_10_3917_pls_539_0006 |
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ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | Copyright National Academy of Sciences Jul 5, 2022 Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS. 2022 |
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Keywords | Cosmogenic Nuclide dating Australopithecus South Africa Stratigraphy Sterkfontein |
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Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 2R.J.C. and K.K. have elsewhere published against the inconsistent use of the term hominin (from the tribal name Hominini) and continue to use the term hominid (from the family name Hominidae) to apply to humans and their ancestral kin to exclude the great apes. Author contributions: D.E.G. and R.J.G. designed research; D.E.G., D.S., L.B., R.J.C., and K.K. performed research; D.E.G., D.S., and L.B. analyzed data; and D.E.G., D.S., L.B., R.J.C., and K.K. wrote the paper. Edited by Paul Renne, University of California, Berkeley, CA; received December 30, 2021; accepted May 4, 2022 by Editorial Board Member C. O. Lovejoy |
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Snippet | Sterkfontein is the most prolific single source of
Australopithecus
fossils, the vast majority of which were recovered from Member 4, a cave breccia now... Sterkfontein is the most prolific single source of Australopithecus fossils, the vast majority of which were recovered from Member 4, a cave breccia now... Australopithecus fossils from the richest hominin-bearing deposit (Member 4) at Sterkfontein in South Africa are considerably older than previously argued by... |
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SubjectTerms | Archaeology and Prehistory Australopithecus Biological Sciences Breccia Earth Sciences Fossils Geochemistry Geomorphology Humanities and Social Sciences Physical Sciences Pliocene Sciences of the Universe |
Title | Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Australopithecus at Sterkfontein, South Africa |
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