Rhodope and Vardar: the metamorphic and the olistostromic paired belts related to the Cretaceous subduction under Europe

The Rhodope massif of Bulgaria and Greece is a complex of Mesozoic synmetamorphic nappes stacked in an Alpine active margin environment. A new analysis of the Triassic to Eocene history of the Vardar suture zone in Greece discloses its Cretaceous setting as a subduction trench. We present a geologic...

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Published inGeodinamica acta Vol. 11; no. 6; pp. 285 - 309
Main Authors Ricou, L.-E., Burg, J.-P., Godfriaux, I., Ivanov, Z.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cachan Elsevier SAS 1998
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Abstract The Rhodope massif of Bulgaria and Greece is a complex of Mesozoic synmetamorphic nappes stacked in an Alpine active margin environment. A new analysis of the Triassic to Eocene history of the Vardar suture zone in Greece discloses its Cretaceous setting as a subduction trench. We present a geological traverse that takes into account these new observations and runs from the Hellenides to the Balkans, i.e. from the African to the Eurasian sides of the Tethys ocean, respectively. The present review first defines the revisited limits of the Rhodope metamorphic complex. In particular, the lower part of the Serbo-Macedonian massif is an extension of the Rhodope units to the west of the Struma river. Its upper part is separated as the Frolosh greenschist unit, which underlies tectonic slivers of Carpathic-Balkanic type. Several greenschist units, which locally yield Mesozoic fossils, follow the outer limits of the Rhodope. Their former attribution to a stratigraphic cover of the Rhodope has been proven false. They are divided into roof greenschists, which partly represent an extension of the Strandza Jurassic black shales basin, and western greenschists, which mostly derive from the Vardar Cretaceous olistostromic assemblage. The Rhodope complex of synmetamorphic nappes includes Continental Units and Mixed Units. The Continental Units comprise quartzo-feldspathic gneisses in addition to thick marble layers. The Mixed Units comprise meta-ophiolites as large bodies or small knockers. They are imbricated, forming an open dome whose lower, Continental Unit constitutes the Drama window. The uppermost Mixed Unit is overlain by remnants of the European plate. The presentday structure results from combined large-scale thrust and exhumation tectonics. Regional inversions of synmetamorphic senseof-shear indicate that intermediate parts of the wedge moved upward and forward with respect to both the lower and upper plates. A kinematic model is based on buoyancy-driven decoupling at depth between subducted continental crust and the subducting lithosphere. Continuing convergence allows coeval underthrusting of continental crust at the footwall, decoupling at depth, and upward-forward expulsion of a low-density metamorphic wedge above. The continental crust input and its upward return may have lasted for at least the whole of the Early Cretaceous, as indicated by isotopic ages and the deformation history of the upper plate. A Late Eocene marine transgression divides the ensuing structural and thermal evolution into a follow-up uplift stage and a renewed uplift stage. Revision of the limits of the Vardar belt in Greece first resulted in separating the Paikon mountain as a tectonic window below the Vardar nappes. It belongs to the western, Hellenic foreland into which a system of thrust developed downward between 60 and 40 Ma. The eastern limit is a dextral strike-slip fault zone that developed greenschist facies foliations locally dated at 50-40 Ma. Revision of the lithological components discloses the preponderance of Cretaceous volcano-detritic and olistostromic sequences that include metamorphite blocks of Rhodope origin. Rock units that belong to the Vardar proper (ophiolites, Triassic and Jurassic radiolarites, remnants of an eastern Triassic passive margin) attest for a purely oceanic basin. The Guevgueli arc documents the Jurassic change of the eastern Triassic passive margin into an active one. This arc magmatic activity ended in the Late Jurassic and plate convergence was transferred farther northeast to the subduction boundary along which the Rhodope metamorphic complex formed. We interpret the Rhodope and the Vardar as paired elements of a Cretaceous accretionary wedge. They document the tectonic process that exhumed metamorphic material from under the upper plate, and the tectonic-sedimentary process that fed the trench on the lower plate. The history of the Rhodope-Vardar pair is placed in the light of the history of the Tethys ocean between Africa and Europe. The Cretaceous subduction then appears as the forerunner of the present Hellenic subduction, accounting for several shifts at the expense of the lower plate. The Late Eocene shift, at the closure of the Pindos basin, is coeval with the initiation of new uplift and magmatism in the Rhodope, which probably document the final release of the low-density, continental root of the Rhodope from subduction drag. La réinterprétation du Rhodope comme ensemble de nappes syn-métamorphiques alpines liées à une subduction nous a menés à reprendre l'analyse des domaines géologiques voisins. La nouvelle analyse du bassin du Vardar en Grèce, depuis son ouverture triasique jusqu'à sa fermeture éocène, montre qu'il constituait au Crétacé une fosse de subduction recevant des olistolites en provenance des nappes rhodopiennes. Nous présentons une synthèse des nouvelles données et interprétations concernant le Rhodope et le Vardar. Elle comble une lacune des connaissances sur une transversale entre les deux marges, européenne et africaine, de l'océan Téthysien. Nous définissons en premier lieu les limites du complexe métamorphique rhodopien. En particulier, la partie inférieure du massif serbo-macédonien est simplement une extension du Rhodope à l'ouest du fleuve Struma (Strymon). Sa partie supérieure est individualisée comme Schistes verts de Frolosh, surmontés tectoniquement par des unités de type carpatho-balkanique. Les diverses unités de faciès schistes verts qui entourent le Rhodope, autrefois considérées comme la couverture mésozoïque du Rhodope et unies sous le nom de circum-Rhodope belt, ne montrent que des relations tectoniques avec celui-ci et constituent deux ensembles distincts. Les Schistes verts du toit représentent pour partie une extension des Schistes noirs jurassiques de Strandja, bassin situé au nord du Rhodope. Leur mise en place et leur métamorphisme sont antérieurs au Paléocène. Les Schistes verts de l'ouest dérivent pour l'essentiel du complexe flysch-olistolites crétacé du Vardar. Leur mise en place et leur métamorphisme sont d'âge éocène. Les nappes syn-métamorphiques du Rhodope ont été formées dans le faciès éclogite, puis amphibolite. Elles peuvent être classées en unités d'origine continentale et unités d'origine mixte. Les unités continentales contiennent des gneiss quartzo-feldspathiques et des marbres; les unités mixtes contiennent des méta-ophiolies en larges masses ou en petits blocs. Elles sont superposées plusieurs fois, formant un large dôme. L'unité inférieure, continentale, constitue la fenêtre de Drama. L'unité la plus haute, mixte, est surmontée au nordouest par l'ensemble carpatho-balkanique, élément de la plaque européenne; le contact, jalonné de schistes verts, a joué en denudation tectonique. Au sein même des nappes rhodopiennes, l'analyse du cisaillement ductile montre que charriage et exhumation tectonique sont combinés en sorte que des parties médianes se sont déplacées vers le sud-ouest par rapport à la fois à la fenêtre de Drama et à la plaque susjacente. Nous proposons un modèle cinématique qui fait appel au découplage entre la plaque subductée et la croûte continentale, d'abord engloutie solidairement mais que sa trop faible densité a contraint à retourner vers la surface. D'après les données chronologiques sur le Rhodope et sur la plaque supérieure, le processus engloutissement-retour aurait joué en continu pendant quelques 50 millions d'années, depuis la fin du Jurassique jusqu'au Sénonien. La révision des limites de la zone du Vardar en Grèce a conduit à en exclure la montagne du Païkon. C'est une fenêtre tectonique où réapparaît l'avant-pays occidental, constitué d'unités helléniques montrant une séquence de charriages entre 60 et 40 Ma. La limite orientale est une zone de décrochement dextre, formée en faciès schistes verts et datée localement de 50-40 Ma. La révision des constituants du Vardar a montré la prépondérance de flyschs crétacés, volcano-détritiques et olistostromiques, incluant des blocs métamorphiques qui peuvent atteindre plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres et proviennent du Rhodope. Les roches plus anciennes (ophiolites, radiolarites triasiques et jurassiques, éléments d'une marge passive triasique à l'est) indiquent un bassin purement océanique. L'arc magmatique de Guevguéli montre que la marge orientale, passive au Trias, est devenue active au Jurassique. Cette activité a cessé à la fin du Jurassique et la convergence des plaques à été transférée plus au nord-est, sur la zone de subduction qui a créé le complexe métamorphique rhodopien. Nous interprétons le Rhodope et le Vardar comme les deux parties, haute et basse, d'un prisme de subduction crétacé. Ils témoignent respectivement du processus tectonique qui a exhumé le matériel métamorphique de sous la plaque supérieure et du processus tectono-sédimentaire associé qui a alimenté la fosse établie sur la plaque inférieure. Leur développement est replacé dans le contexte de l'histoire de la Téthys, sur une transversale s'étendant de l'Afrique à l'Europe. La subduction crétacée apparaît alors comme le précurseur de la subduction hellénique actuelle, par l'intermédiaire de transferts répétés d'éléments de la plaque inférieure à la plaque supérieure. Le transfert d'âge éocène, lié à la fermeture du bassin du Pinde, est synchrone d'une reprise d'activité magmatique et de surrection dans le Rhodope. Elle correspond sans doute à l'abandon définitif du plan de subduction rhodopien, permettant de libérer de la traction de subduction les racines continentales.
AbstractList The Rhodope massif of Bulgaria and Greece is a complex of Mesozoic synmetamorphic nappes stacked in an Alpine active margin environment. A new analysis of the Triassic to Eocene history of the Vardar suture zone in Greece discloses its Cretaceous setting as a subduction trench. We present a geological traverse that takes into account these new observations and runs from the Hellenides to the Balkans, i.e. from the African to the Eurasian sides of the Tethys ocean, respectively. The present review first defines the revisited limits of the Rhodope metamorphic complex. In particular, the lower part of the Serbo-Macedonian massif is an extension of the Rhodope units to the west of the Struma river. Its upper part is separated as the Frolosh greenschist unit, which underlies tectonic slivers of Carpathic-Balkanic type. Several greenschist units, which locally yield Mesozoic fossils, follow the outer limits of the Rhodope. Their former attribution to a stratigraphic cover of the Rhodope has been proven false. They are divided into roof greenschists, which partly represent an extension of the Strandza Jurassic black shales basin, and western greenschists, which mostly derive from the Vardar Cretaceous olistostromic assemblage. The Rhodope complex of synmetamorphic nappes includes Continental Units and Mixed Units. The Continental Units comprise quartzo-feldspathic gneisses in addition to thick marble layers. The Mixed Units comprise meta-ophiolites as large bodies or small knockers. They are imbricated, forming an open dome whose lower, Continental Unit constitutes the Drama window. The uppermost Mixed Unit is overlain by remnants of the European plate. The presentday structure results from combined large-scale thrust and exhumation tectonics. Regional inversions of synmetamorphic senseof-shear indicate that intermediate parts of the wedge moved upward and forward with respect to both the lower and upper plates. A kinematic model is based on buoyancy-driven decoupling at depth between subducted continental crust and the subducting lithosphere. Continuing convergence allows coeval underthrusting of continental crust at the footwall, decoupling at depth, and upward-forward expulsion of a low-density metamorphic wedge above. The continental crust input and its upward return may have lasted for at least the whole of the Early Cretaceous, as indicated by isotopic ages and the deformation history of the upper plate. A Late Eocene marine transgression divides the ensuing structural and thermal evolution into a follow-up uplift stage and a renewed uplift stage. Revision of the limits of the Vardar belt in Greece first resulted in separating the Paikon mountain as a tectonic window below the Vardar nappes. It belongs to the western, Hellenic foreland into which a system of thrust developed downward between 60 and 40 Ma. The eastern limit is a dextral strike-slip fault zone that developed greenschist facies foliations locally dated at 50-40 Ma. Revision of the lithological components discloses the preponderance of Cretaceous volcano-detritic and olistostromic sequences that include metamorphite blocks of Rhodope origin. Rock units that belong to the Vardar proper (ophiolites, Triassic and Jurassic radiolarites, remnants of an eastern Triassic passive margin) attest for a purely oceanic basin. The Guevgueli arc documents the Jurassic change of the eastern Triassic passive margin into an active one. This arc magmatic activity ended in the Late Jurassic and plate convergence was transferred farther northeast to the subduction boundary along which the Rhodope metamorphic complex formed. We interpret the Rhodope and the Vardar as paired elements of a Cretaceous accretionary wedge. They document the tectonic process that exhumed metamorphic material from under the upper plate, and the tectonic-sedimentary process that fed the trench on the lower plate. The history of the Rhodope-Vardar pair is placed in the light of the history of the Tethys ocean between Africa and Europe. The Cretaceous subduction then appears as the forerunner of the present Hellenic subduction, accounting for several shifts at the expense of the lower plate. The Late Eocene shift, at the closure of the Pindos basin, is coeval with the initiation of new uplift and magmatism in the Rhodope, which probably document the final release of the low-density, continental root of the Rhodope from subduction drag. La réinterprétation du Rhodope comme ensemble de nappes syn-métamorphiques alpines liées à une subduction nous a menés à reprendre l'analyse des domaines géologiques voisins. La nouvelle analyse du bassin du Vardar en Grèce, depuis son ouverture triasique jusqu'à sa fermeture éocène, montre qu'il constituait au Crétacé une fosse de subduction recevant des olistolites en provenance des nappes rhodopiennes. Nous présentons une synthèse des nouvelles données et interprétations concernant le Rhodope et le Vardar. Elle comble une lacune des connaissances sur une transversale entre les deux marges, européenne et africaine, de l'océan Téthysien. Nous définissons en premier lieu les limites du complexe métamorphique rhodopien. En particulier, la partie inférieure du massif serbo-macédonien est simplement une extension du Rhodope à l'ouest du fleuve Struma (Strymon). Sa partie supérieure est individualisée comme Schistes verts de Frolosh, surmontés tectoniquement par des unités de type carpatho-balkanique. Les diverses unités de faciès schistes verts qui entourent le Rhodope, autrefois considérées comme la couverture mésozoïque du Rhodope et unies sous le nom de circum-Rhodope belt, ne montrent que des relations tectoniques avec celui-ci et constituent deux ensembles distincts. Les Schistes verts du toit représentent pour partie une extension des Schistes noirs jurassiques de Strandja, bassin situé au nord du Rhodope. Leur mise en place et leur métamorphisme sont antérieurs au Paléocène. Les Schistes verts de l'ouest dérivent pour l'essentiel du complexe flysch-olistolites crétacé du Vardar. Leur mise en place et leur métamorphisme sont d'âge éocène. Les nappes syn-métamorphiques du Rhodope ont été formées dans le faciès éclogite, puis amphibolite. Elles peuvent être classées en unités d'origine continentale et unités d'origine mixte. Les unités continentales contiennent des gneiss quartzo-feldspathiques et des marbres; les unités mixtes contiennent des méta-ophiolies en larges masses ou en petits blocs. Elles sont superposées plusieurs fois, formant un large dôme. L'unité inférieure, continentale, constitue la fenêtre de Drama. L'unité la plus haute, mixte, est surmontée au nordouest par l'ensemble carpatho-balkanique, élément de la plaque européenne; le contact, jalonné de schistes verts, a joué en denudation tectonique. Au sein même des nappes rhodopiennes, l'analyse du cisaillement ductile montre que charriage et exhumation tectonique sont combinés en sorte que des parties médianes se sont déplacées vers le sud-ouest par rapport à la fois à la fenêtre de Drama et à la plaque susjacente. Nous proposons un modèle cinématique qui fait appel au découplage entre la plaque subductée et la croûte continentale, d'abord engloutie solidairement mais que sa trop faible densité a contraint à retourner vers la surface. D'après les données chronologiques sur le Rhodope et sur la plaque supérieure, le processus engloutissement-retour aurait joué en continu pendant quelques 50 millions d'années, depuis la fin du Jurassique jusqu'au Sénonien. La révision des limites de la zone du Vardar en Grèce a conduit à en exclure la montagne du Païkon. C'est une fenêtre tectonique où réapparaît l'avant-pays occidental, constitué d'unités helléniques montrant une séquence de charriages entre 60 et 40 Ma. La limite orientale est une zone de décrochement dextre, formée en faciès schistes verts et datée localement de 50-40 Ma. La révision des constituants du Vardar a montré la prépondérance de flyschs crétacés, volcano-détritiques et olistostromiques, incluant des blocs métamorphiques qui peuvent atteindre plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres et proviennent du Rhodope. Les roches plus anciennes (ophiolites, radiolarites triasiques et jurassiques, éléments d'une marge passive triasique à l'est) indiquent un bassin purement océanique. L'arc magmatique de Guevguéli montre que la marge orientale, passive au Trias, est devenue active au Jurassique. Cette activité a cessé à la fin du Jurassique et la convergence des plaques à été transférée plus au nord-est, sur la zone de subduction qui a créé le complexe métamorphique rhodopien. Nous interprétons le Rhodope et le Vardar comme les deux parties, haute et basse, d'un prisme de subduction crétacé. Ils témoignent respectivement du processus tectonique qui a exhumé le matériel métamorphique de sous la plaque supérieure et du processus tectono-sédimentaire associé qui a alimenté la fosse établie sur la plaque inférieure. Leur développement est replacé dans le contexte de l'histoire de la Téthys, sur une transversale s'étendant de l'Afrique à l'Europe. La subduction crétacée apparaît alors comme le précurseur de la subduction hellénique actuelle, par l'intermédiaire de transferts répétés d'éléments de la plaque inférieure à la plaque supérieure. Le transfert d'âge éocène, lié à la fermeture du bassin du Pinde, est synchrone d'une reprise d'activité magmatique et de surrection dans le Rhodope. Elle correspond sans doute à l'abandon définitif du plan de subduction rhodopien, permettant de libérer de la traction de subduction les racines continentales.
Author Ivanov, Z.
Godfriaux, I.
Ricou, L.-E.
Burg, J.-P.
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  givenname: J.-P.
  surname: Burg
  fullname: Burg, J.-P.
  organization: Geologisches Institut, ETH Zentrum, Sonnegstrasse 5, CH-8092, Zürich, Suisse
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  surname: Godfriaux
  fullname: Godfriaux, I.
  organization: Faculté Polytechnique de Mons, 9 rue de Houdain, 7000 Mons, Belgique
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  givenname: Z.
  surname: Ivanov
  fullname: Ivanov, Z.
  organization: Université St Kliment Okhridski, Géologie et Géographie, 15 Bvd Tzar Ozvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, Bulgarie
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 1998 Elsevier, Paris
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TDBHL
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-a454t-678a9cb39caff6ac7370de1d7f14ba51e122163f66af4abc76271beb3699d0573
ISSN 0985-3111
IngestDate Fri Aug 23 01:34:31 EDT 2024
Sun Oct 29 17:08:53 EDT 2023
Fri Feb 23 02:29:11 EST 2024
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 6
Keywords thrust and exhumation tectonics
synthèse régionale
Chaînes alpines
tectonique de charriage et exhumation
regional synthesis
Alpine chains
Mesozoic
nappes
Alpine Orogeny
metamorphic belts
Europe
exhumation
Cretaceous
sedimentary rocks
olistostromes
accretionary wedges
Phanerozoic
flysch
clastic rocks
Language English
License CC BY 4.0
LinkModel OpenURL
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-a454t-678a9cb39caff6ac7370de1d7f14ba51e122163f66af4abc76271beb3699d0573
PageCount 25
ParticipantIDs crossref_primary_10_1016_S0985_3111_99_80018_7
pascalfrancis_primary_6209492
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_S0985_3111_99_80018_7
PublicationCentury 1900
PublicationDate 1998-00-00
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 1998-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – year: 1998
  text: 1998-00-00
PublicationDecade 1990
PublicationPlace Cachan
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Cachan
PublicationTitle Geodinamica acta
PublicationYear 1998
Publisher Elsevier SAS
Lavoisier
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier SAS
– name: Lavoisier
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Snippet The Rhodope massif of Bulgaria and Greece is a complex of Mesozoic synmetamorphic nappes stacked in an Alpine active margin environment. A new analysis of the...
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StartPage 285
SubjectTerms Alpine chains
Areal geology
Areal geology. Maps
Chaînes alpines
Earth sciences
Earth, ocean, space
Exact sciences and technology
regional synthesis
synthèse régionale
tectonique de charriage et exhumation
thrust and exhumation tectonics
Title Rhodope and Vardar: the metamorphic and the olistostromic paired belts related to the Cretaceous subduction under Europe
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0985-3111(99)80018-7
Volume 11
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