An Updated View of the Trypanosoma cruzi Life Cycle: Intervention Points for an Effective Treatment

Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The World Health Organization classifies CD as the most prevalent of poverty-promoting neglected tropical diseases, the most important parasitic one, and the third...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inACS infectious diseases Vol. 8; no. 6; pp. 1107 - 1115
Main Authors Martín-Escolano, Javier, Marín, Clotilde, Rosales, María J., Tsaousis, Anastasios D., Medina-Carmona, Encarnación, Martín-Escolano, Rubén
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States American Chemical Society 10.06.2022
Subjects
Review
genetic diversity
target product profile
life cycle
drug discovery
morphological forms
Chagas disease
tropism
evolution model
Trypanosoma cruzi
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The World Health Organization classifies CD as the most prevalent of poverty-promoting neglected tropical diseases, the most important parasitic one, and the third most infectious disease in Latin America. Currently, CD is a global public health issue that affects 6–8 million people. However, the current approved treatments are limited to two nitroheterocyclic drugs developed more than 50 years ago. Many efforts have been made in recent decades to find new therapies, but our limited understanding of the infection process, pathology development, and long-term nature of this disease has made it impossible to develop new drugs, effective treatment, or vaccines. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive update on our understanding of the current life cycle, new morphological forms, and genetic diversity of T. cruzi, as well as identify intervention points in the life cycle where new drugs and treatments could achieve a parasitic cure.
AbstractList Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The World Health Organization classifies CD as the most prevalent of poverty-promoting neglected tropical diseases, the most important parasitic one, and the third most infectious disease in Latin America. Currently, CD is a global public health issue that affects 6–8 million people. However, the current approved treatments are limited to two nitroheterocyclic drugs developed more than 50 years ago. Many efforts have been made in recent decades to find new therapies, but our limited understanding of the infection process, pathology development, and long-term nature of this disease has made it impossible to develop new drugs, effective treatment, or vaccines. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive update on our understanding of the current life cycle, new morphological forms, and genetic diversity of T. cruzi, as well as identify intervention points in the life cycle where new drugs and treatments could achieve a parasitic cure.
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi . The World Health Organization classifies CD as the most prevalent of poverty-promoting neglected tropical diseases, the most important parasitic one, and the third most infectious disease in Latin America. Currently, CD is a global public health issue that affects 6–8 million people. However, the current approved treatments are limited to two nitroheterocyclic drugs developed more than 50 years ago. Many efforts have been made in recent decades to find new therapies, but our limited understanding of the infection process, pathology development, and long-term nature of this disease has made it impossible to develop new drugs, effective treatment, or vaccines. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive update on our understanding of the current life cycle, new morphological forms, and genetic diversity of T. cruzi , as well as identify intervention points in the life cycle where new drugs and treatments could achieve a parasitic cure.
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan . The World Health Organization classifies CD as the most prevalent of poverty-promoting neglected tropical diseases, the most important parasitic one, and the third most infectious disease in Latin America. Currently, CD is a global public health issue that affects 6-8 million people. However, the current approved treatments are limited to two nitroheterocyclic drugs developed more than 50 years ago. Many efforts have been made in recent decades to find new therapies, but our limited understanding of the infection process, pathology development, and long-term nature of this disease has made it impossible to develop new drugs, effective treatment, or vaccines. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive update on our understanding of the current life cycle, new morphological forms, and genetic diversity of , as well as identify intervention points in the life cycle where new drugs and treatments could achieve a parasitic cure.
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The World Health Organization classifies CD as the most prevalent of poverty-promoting neglected tropical diseases, the most important parasitic one, and the third most infectious disease in Latin America. Currently, CD is a global public health issue that affects 6-8 million people. However, the current approved treatments are limited to two nitroheterocyclic drugs developed more than 50 years ago. Many efforts have been made in recent decades to find new therapies, but our limited understanding of the infection process, pathology development, and long-term nature of this disease has made it impossible to develop new drugs, effective treatment, or vaccines. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive update on our understanding of the current life cycle, new morphological forms, and genetic diversity of T. cruzi, as well as identify intervention points in the life cycle where new drugs and treatments could achieve a parasitic cure.Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The World Health Organization classifies CD as the most prevalent of poverty-promoting neglected tropical diseases, the most important parasitic one, and the third most infectious disease in Latin America. Currently, CD is a global public health issue that affects 6-8 million people. However, the current approved treatments are limited to two nitroheterocyclic drugs developed more than 50 years ago. Many efforts have been made in recent decades to find new therapies, but our limited understanding of the infection process, pathology development, and long-term nature of this disease has made it impossible to develop new drugs, effective treatment, or vaccines. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive update on our understanding of the current life cycle, new morphological forms, and genetic diversity of T. cruzi, as well as identify intervention points in the life cycle where new drugs and treatments could achieve a parasitic cure.
Author Marín, Clotilde
Martín-Escolano, Rubén
Rosales, María J.
Tsaousis, Anastasios D.
Martín-Escolano, Javier
Medina-Carmona, Encarnación
AuthorAffiliation Department of Parasitology
Department of Physical Chemistry
School of Biosciences
Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS)
University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville
Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Department of Parasitology
– name: Department of Physical Chemistry
– name: Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS)
– name: School of Biosciences
– name: University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville
– name: Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Javier
  surname: Martín-Escolano
  fullname: Martín-Escolano, Javier
  organization: University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Clotilde
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4316-2742
  surname: Marín
  fullname: Marín, Clotilde
  organization: Department of Parasitology
– sequence: 3
  givenname: María J.
  surname: Rosales
  fullname: Rosales, María J.
  organization: Department of Parasitology
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Anastasios D.
  surname: Tsaousis
  fullname: Tsaousis, Anastasios D.
  organization: Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Encarnación
  surname: Medina-Carmona
  fullname: Medina-Carmona, Encarnación
  email: emedcar@ugr.es
  organization: School of Biosciences
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Rubén
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6262-9344
  surname: Martín-Escolano
  fullname: Martín-Escolano, Rubén
  email: r.martin-escolano@kent.ac.uk
  organization: Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35652513$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNqFUU1rFDEYDlKxtfYXCJKjl23zMZPMeBDKUrWwoIfVa8gmb2zKTLImmS3rrzfLbsvWg54SeJ8vnuc1OgkxAEJvKbmkhNErbbIPDoz1-ZIZQijjL9AZ45LPOsbkydH_FF3kfE8qhndt07Sv0ClvRctays-QuQ74-9rqAhb_8PCAo8PlDvAybdc6xBxHjU2afnu88A7wfGsG-IBvQ4G0gVB8DPhb9KFk7GLCOuAbV1MVv9lJgC5jBb1BL50eMlwc3nO0_HSznH-ZLb5-vp1fL2a6piqzvhNstWo1byV1QDXhUjPdG03tSjaO2VYKQiVllAvowHWCUyOMsNQa2lt-jj7uZdfTagRrqnPSg1onP-q0VVF79fwS_J36GTeqp33Tk6YKvD8IpPhrglzU6LOBYdAB4pQVE5JJIjpKKvTdsdeTyWOxFcD3AJNizgncE4QStVtQHS2oDgtWVv8Xy_iidy3XwH74D_dqz61HdR-nFGrX_2T8ASUBtjU
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_59654_8
crossref_primary_10_3390_life13122339
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijppaw_2024_101021
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jmedchem_2c00972
crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2022_1000972
crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens14010072
crossref_primary_10_3390_plants13162177
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jmedchem_3c00582
crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2024_1293782
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jnatprod_4c00567
crossref_primary_10_2174_1871520623666230529141544
crossref_primary_10_1128_mmbr_00164_22
crossref_primary_10_36660_abc_20230269
crossref_primary_10_1111_febs_17340
crossref_primary_10_3390_insects16020161
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejmech_2024_117203
crossref_primary_10_3390_microorganisms12040827
crossref_primary_10_3390_pathogens14020106
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10863_023_09982_7
crossref_primary_10_1089_abc_2024_0020
crossref_primary_10_3389_fcimb_2022_1057774
crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics16020227
crossref_primary_10_3390_ph18040456
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejmech_2022_114926
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pntd_0012906
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbih_2024_100897
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_exppara_2023_108496
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms25073840
crossref_primary_10_3390_cells14020115
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vprsr_2024_101163
crossref_primary_10_1002_cbdv_202401247
crossref_primary_10_3390_pharmaceutics15010140
crossref_primary_10_3390_tropicalmed10020050
crossref_primary_10_3390_diseases12100238
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jcim_4c01927
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10989_024_10626_6
crossref_primary_10_3390_cells11223693
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13205_023_03799_2
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsinfecdis_3c00076
crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_micro_041222_025305
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13326_024_00307_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jinorgbio_2022_112047
crossref_primary_10_1089_genbio_2024_0020
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_90088_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_vprsr_2024_101129
crossref_primary_10_3390_inorganics11110420
crossref_primary_10_3762_bjnano_15_30
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejmcr_2025_100248
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10800_023_01945_5
Cites_doi 10.1098/rsob.190036
10.3390/microorganisms9020406
10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb05427.x
10.1590/S0001-37652008000100011
10.1111/cmi.12297
10.1073/pnas.121187198
10.1126/science.1112631
10.1038/s41467-019-11771-z
10.1177/1087057114552623
10.1371/journal.pntd.0001412
10.3389/fcell.2021.633195
10.1016/0014-4894(87)90062-2
10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4
10.1371/journal.pntd.0003697
10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.10.023
10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00353
10.1017/S0031182009005861
10.1016/S0300-8932(09)73087-8
10.1258/td.2009.090035
10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.005
10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00305.x
10.1073/pnas.1415109111
10.1371/journal.ppat.0020024
10.1006/scbi.2001.0382
10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166
10.1016/S1567-1348(02)00097-7
10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.001
10.1084/jem.20011433
10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X
10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00153-9
10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.007
10.1515/cclm-2012-0316
10.1093/infdis/jis331
10.1590/0074-02760140401
10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.10.023
10.1371/journal.pntd.0008035
10.4161/viru.19178
10.1016/j.jacc.2016.12.023
10.1051/vetres/2009009
10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.92
10.1038/nrd4683
10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00208
10.1080/17460441.2018.1417380
10.3389/fcimb.2020.00005
10.1080/00034983.1965.11686277
10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.017
10.1590/S0074-02762009000700021
10.1111/mmi.13653
10.1590/S0074-02762010000700014
10.1177/1087057114550585
10.3390/molecules25122799
10.1017/S0031182017001469
10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00264-3
10.2174/1573403X11309020007
10.1016/j.exppara.2004.07.001
10.1017/S003118201300142X
10.2147/DDDT.S90208
10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.034
10.1590/S0074-02762010000200022
10.1586/14787210.2015.1056158
10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00091
10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.029
10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105168
10.1056/NEJMra1410150
10.7554/eLife.34039
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00468
10.1590/S0074-02761909000200008
10.3390/pathogens10111493
10.1093/jac/dkaa030
10.1590/0037-8682-0505-2016
10.1016/S1471-4922(02)02357-7
10.1016/j.pt.2011.10.005
10.1016/S0166-6851(99)00155-3
10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2019.100507
10.1016/j.exppara.2017.02.013
10.2174/1566524043360249
10.1126/science.aaf4268
10.1016/S0166-6851(00)00302-9
10.1038/nature01438
10.1099/00221287-147-12-3231
10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165658
10.1093/cid/ciy121
10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.003
10.1016/B978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2
10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00298
10.1186/s13071-018-2664-4
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society
2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society 2022 The Authors
Copyright_xml – notice: 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society
– notice: 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society 2022 The Authors
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
NPM
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00123
DatabaseName CrossRef
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList

PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
EISSN 2373-8227
EndPage 1115
ExternalDocumentID PMC9194904
35652513
10_1021_acsinfecdis_2c00123
b263012280
Genre Journal Article
Review
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: ;
  grantid: NA
– fundername: ;
  grantid: E-BIO-464-UGR20
GroupedDBID 53G
ABFRP
ABMVS
ABUCX
ACGFS
ACS
AEESW
AFEFF
AHGAQ
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AQSVZ
EBS
GGK
UI2
VF5
VG9
W1F
AAYXX
ABBLG
ABJNI
ABLBI
ABQRX
ADHLV
BAANH
CITATION
CUPRZ
NPM
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-a445t-9862bb5a3571fe1a037a2a9ca1db74f2d57601712136e8ef8631c6c6d1dc19d3
IEDL.DBID ACS
ISSN 2373-8227
IngestDate Thu Aug 21 18:42:46 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 16:45:23 EDT 2025
Wed Feb 19 02:26:55 EST 2025
Thu Apr 24 22:51:46 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 01:32:35 EDT 2025
Mon Jun 13 03:10:41 EDT 2022
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed false
IsScholarly true
Issue 6
Keywords genetic diversity
target product profile
life cycle
drug discovery
morphological forms
Chagas disease
tropism
evolution model
Trypanosoma cruzi
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Permits the broadest form of re-use including for commercial purposes, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-a445t-9862bb5a3571fe1a037a2a9ca1db74f2d57601712136e8ef8631c6c6d1dc19d3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0002-6262-9344
0000-0002-4316-2742
OpenAccessLink https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9194904
PMID 35652513
PQID 2672706810
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 9
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9194904
proquest_miscellaneous_2672706810
pubmed_primary_35652513
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsinfecdis_2c00123
crossref_citationtrail_10_1021_acsinfecdis_2c00123
acs_journals_10_1021_acsinfecdis_2c00123
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2022-06-10
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2022-06-10
PublicationDate_xml – month: 06
  year: 2022
  text: 2022-06-10
  day: 10
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace United States
PublicationPlace_xml – name: United States
PublicationTitle ACS infectious diseases
PublicationTitleAlternate ACS Infect. Dis
PublicationYear 2022
Publisher American Chemical Society
Publisher_xml – name: American Chemical Society
References ref9/cit9
ref45/cit45
ref3/cit3
ref27/cit27
ref81/cit81
ref63/cit63
ref56/cit56
ref16/cit16
ref92/cit92
ref52/cit52
ref23/cit23
ref8/cit8
ref31/cit31
ref59/cit59
ref85/cit85
ref2/cit2
ref77/cit77
ref34/cit34
ref71/cit71
ref37/cit37
ref20/cit20
ref48/cit48
ref60/cit60
ref74/cit74
ref88/cit88
ref17/cit17
ref82/cit82
ref10/cit10
ref35/cit35
ref89/cit89
Brener Z. (ref30/cit30) 1963; 5
ref53/cit53
ref19/cit19
ref93/cit93
ref21/cit21
ref42/cit42
ref96/cit96
ref49/cit49
ref13/cit13
ref61/cit61
ref75/cit75
ref67/cit67
ref24/cit24
ref38/cit38
ref90/cit90
ref50/cit50
ref64/cit64
ref78/cit78
ref54/cit54
ref6/cit6
ref36/cit36
ref18/cit18
ref83/cit83
ref65/cit65
ref79/cit79
ref11/cit11
ref25/cit25
ref29/cit29
ref72/cit72
ref76/cit76
ref86/cit86
ref32/cit32
ref39/cit39
ref14/cit14
ref57/cit57
ref5/cit5
ref51/cit51
ref43/cit43
ref80/cit80
ref28/cit28
ref40/cit40
ref68/cit68
ref94/cit94
ref91/cit91
ref26/cit26
ref55/cit55
ref73/cit73
ref69/cit69
ref12/cit12
ref15/cit15
ref62/cit62
ref66/cit66
ref41/cit41
ref58/cit58
ref95/cit95
ref22/cit22
ref33/cit33
ref87/cit87
Brener Z. (ref46/cit46) 1976; 18
ref4/cit4
ref47/cit47
ref84/cit84
ref1/cit1
ref44/cit44
ref70/cit70
ref7/cit7
References_xml – ident: ref80/cit80
  doi: 10.1098/rsob.190036
– ident: ref20/cit20
  doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9020406
– ident: ref49/cit49
  doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb05427.x
– ident: ref76/cit76
  doi: 10.1590/S0001-37652008000100011
– ident: ref82/cit82
  doi: 10.1111/cmi.12297
– ident: ref25/cit25
– ident: ref59/cit59
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.121187198
– ident: ref4/cit4
– ident: ref66/cit66
  doi: 10.1126/science.1112631
– ident: ref71/cit71
  doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11771-z
– ident: ref81/cit81
  doi: 10.1177/1087057114552623
– ident: ref85/cit85
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001412
– ident: ref44/cit44
  doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.633195
– ident: ref34/cit34
  doi: 10.1016/0014-4894(87)90062-2
– ident: ref2/cit2
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4
– ident: ref96/cit96
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003697
– ident: ref48/cit48
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.10.023
– ident: ref7/cit7
  doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00353
– ident: ref55/cit55
  doi: 10.1017/S0031182009005861
– ident: ref10/cit10
  doi: 10.1016/S0300-8932(09)73087-8
– ident: ref32/cit32
  doi: 10.1258/td.2009.090035
– ident: ref9/cit9
  doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.005
– ident: ref42/cit42
  doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00305.x
– ident: ref64/cit64
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1415109111
– ident: ref53/cit53
  doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020024
– ident: ref43/cit43
  doi: 10.1006/scbi.2001.0382
– ident: ref5/cit5
  doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166
– ident: ref58/cit58
  doi: 10.1016/S1567-1348(02)00097-7
– ident: ref47/cit47
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.001
– ident: ref51/cit51
  doi: 10.1084/jem.20011433
– ident: ref12/cit12
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X
– ident: ref29/cit29
  doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00153-9
– ident: ref61/cit61
  doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.007
– ident: ref15/cit15
  doi: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0316
– ident: ref67/cit67
  doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis331
– volume: 18
  start-page: 450
  year: 1976
  ident: ref46/cit46
  publication-title: Rev. Instrum. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo
– ident: ref27/cit27
– ident: ref70/cit70
  doi: 10.1590/0074-02760140401
– ident: ref11/cit11
  doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.10.023
– ident: ref94/cit94
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008035
– ident: ref91/cit91
  doi: 10.4161/viru.19178
– ident: ref17/cit17
  doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.12.023
– ident: ref74/cit74
  doi: 10.1051/vetres/2009009
– ident: ref14/cit14
  doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.92
– ident: ref87/cit87
  doi: 10.1038/nrd4683
– ident: ref95/cit95
  doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00208
– ident: ref89/cit89
  doi: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1417380
– ident: ref38/cit38
  doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00005
– ident: ref31/cit31
  doi: 10.1080/00034983.1965.11686277
– ident: ref26/cit26
– ident: ref56/cit56
  doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.017
– ident: ref54/cit54
  doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762009000700021
– ident: ref45/cit45
  doi: 10.1111/mmi.13653
– ident: ref69/cit69
  doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762010000700014
– ident: ref88/cit88
  doi: 10.1177/1087057114550585
– ident: ref93/cit93
  doi: 10.3390/molecules25122799
– ident: ref35/cit35
  doi: 10.1017/S0031182017001469
– ident: ref60/cit60
  doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00264-3
– ident: ref3/cit3
  doi: 10.2174/1573403X11309020007
– ident: ref24/cit24
– ident: ref68/cit68
  doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.07.001
– ident: ref86/cit86
  doi: 10.1017/S003118201300142X
– ident: ref18/cit18
– ident: ref21/cit21
  doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S90208
– ident: ref6/cit6
– ident: ref78/cit78
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.034
– ident: ref84/cit84
  doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762010000200022
– volume: 5
  start-page: 220
  year: 1963
  ident: ref30/cit30
  publication-title: Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo
– ident: ref73/cit73
  doi: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1056158
– ident: ref92/cit92
  doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00091
– ident: ref57/cit57
  doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.029
– ident: ref1/cit1
– ident: ref23/cit23
  doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105168
– ident: ref28/cit28
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1410150
– ident: ref37/cit37
  doi: 10.7554/eLife.34039
– ident: ref77/cit77
  doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00468
– ident: ref8/cit8
  doi: 10.1590/S0074-02761909000200008
– ident: ref83/cit83
  doi: 10.3390/pathogens10111493
– ident: ref79/cit79
  doi: 10.1093/jac/dkaa030
– ident: ref13/cit13
  doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0505-2016
– ident: ref65/cit65
  doi: 10.1016/S1471-4922(02)02357-7
– ident: ref41/cit41
  doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.10.005
– ident: ref50/cit50
  doi: 10.1016/S0166-6851(99)00155-3
– ident: ref19/cit19
  doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2019.100507
– ident: ref33/cit33
  doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.02.013
– ident: ref16/cit16
  doi: 10.2174/1566524043360249
– ident: ref40/cit40
  doi: 10.1126/science.aaf4268
– ident: ref52/cit52
  doi: 10.1016/S0166-6851(00)00302-9
– ident: ref62/cit62
  doi: 10.1038/nature01438
– ident: ref63/cit63
  doi: 10.1099/00221287-147-12-3231
– ident: ref22/cit22
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165658
– ident: ref72/cit72
  doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy121
– ident: ref36/cit36
  doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.003
– ident: ref39/cit39
  doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2
– ident: ref90/cit90
  doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00298
– ident: ref75/cit75
  doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2664-4
SSID ssj0001385445
Score 2.479423
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The World Health...
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan . The World Health Organization...
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic, systemic, chronic, and often fatal illness caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi . The World Health...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
acs
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 1107
SubjectTerms Review
Title An Updated View of the Trypanosoma cruzi Life Cycle: Intervention Points for an Effective Treatment
URI http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00123
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35652513
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2672706810
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9194904
Volume 8
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3dT9swELe2Tpr2AvuEwpg8aQ97WDp_xHbDG6pAbBpo0srEW-T4Q0RAgppUiP71nJO0tIAQz7FPyuXO94vv7ncIfSNOecuUjjT3JIrtMIu0pyYiXHDDLI2pDb3DR8fy8CT-fSpOl5rV72XwGf2pTdXUJdm8GjDTYICX6BWT4MYBCY3-3V2p8GGglmnGySkeQehTc56hx-WEiGSq1Yj0AGber5ZcCj8H6-h43sTTVp2cD6Z1NjCzh5yOz3uzt2itA6J4r7Wcd-iFK96j10ddqv0DMnsFPrkK9wEW_8_dNS49BrCIx5MbOEDKqrzU2Eymsxz_yb3DoxuQsot_LZVQ4r9lXtQVBliMdYFbnmQ4XEFEV9z-EY0P9sejw6ibyBBpUGwdJfD_k2VCc6God1QTrjTTidHUZir2zIpQYqMCTZx0Q-eHklMjjbTUGppY_gn1irJwmwhr6YQjxAkjRWiszqR1ccw8Dw0rmRJ99B3Uk3YOVaVNrpzRdElnaaezPmLz75eajtg8zNe4eHrTj8Wmq5bX4-nlX-eGkYL_haSKLlw5hQUhlU0Cq1sfbbSGshDIAS0DfoTdasWEFgsCt_fqkyI_azi-E5rECYm3nq-GbfSGhdaMMFeJfEa9ejJ1OwCY6uxL4ya353ITww
linkProvider American Chemical Society
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Lb9NAEF5BkaAX3pTwXCQOHHDYh9cbc4siqhSSCokE9Wat9yEswK5iR6j99cw4TpoUVMHV3h3Z49mdzzsz3xDymnkdnNAmMjKwKHaDPDKB24hJJa1wPOYOa4enx8l4Hn88USddURjWwsBD1CCpboP4F-wC_B1ca9OTXFH3hW2hwHVyA-CIQLsejr5cnKzIATLMtF3ltIzAA-o13dDf5aBjsvWuY_oDbV5OmtzyQod3yHzz_G3yyff-ssn79vwSteP_vuBdcruDpXS4sqN75Jov75Ob0y7w_oDYYUnnp3g64OjXwv-iVaAAHelscQbbSVVXPw21i-V5QSdF8HR0BlLe06OthEr6uSrKpqYAkqkp6Yo1GbZaENGluj8ks8MPs9E46vozRAb020Qp_A3luTJSaR48N0xqI0xqDXe5joNwChNuNJLGJX7gwyCR3CY2cdxZnjr5iOyVVekfE2oSrzxjXtlEYZl1njgfxyJILF_JteqRN6CerFteddZGzgXPtnSWdTrrEbH-jJntaM6x28aPqye93Uw6XbF8XD381do-MliNGGIxpa-WMAAD2ww53nrkYGUvG4ESjVVxmK13LGkzAJm-d--UxbeW8TvlaZyy-Mm_q-EluTWeTSfZ5Oj401OyL7BoAzsusWdkr1ks_XOAUk3-ol05vwHcDxwk
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3db9MwED-NIU28wPgaBQZG4oEH0vkjiRPeqkK1wTZNokPjKXL8oUUbSdWkQttfzzlNSzvQhHhN7FN8vvNdfHe_A3hLrXSGSxUo4WgQmiQPlGM6oCISmhsWMuNrh4-O4_3T8PNZdLYByaIWBj-iRkp1G8T3Wj0xrkMYYHv4vE1RMkXd57p1B-7AXR-487I9GH79fbsiEo8y03aWkyJAKygXkEN_p-ONk67XjdMfHufNxMkVSzR6AN-Xa2gTUC76sybv6-sb8I7_s8htuN-5p2Qwl6eHsGHLR7B11AXgH4MelOR04m8JDPlW2J-kcgRdSDKeXuGxUtXVD0X0dHZdkMPCWTK8QiofyMFKYiU5qYqyqQk6y0SVZI6ejEcukuhS3p_AePRpPNwPuj4NgUIeN0GKf0V5HikRSeYsU1RIxVWqFTO5DB03kU-8kR48LraJdUksmI51bJjRLDXiKWyWVWmfAVGxjSylNtJx5Mut89jYMORO-DKWXEY9eIfsyTo1q7M2gs5ZtsKzrONZD_hiKzPdwZ37rhuXt096v5w0maN93D78zUJGMtRKH2pRpa1mOMAHuKnHeuvBzlxmlgQFCix6lThbrknTcoBH_F5_UxbnLfJ3ytIwpeHzf2fDa9g6-TjKDg-Ov7yAe9zXbvjGS_QlbDbTmd1Fj6rJX7XK8wvmEB6n
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Updated+View+of+the+Trypanosoma+cruzi+Life+Cycle%3A+Intervention+Points+for+an+Effective+Treatment&rft.jtitle=ACS+infectious+diseases&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn-Escolano%2C+Javier&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADn%2C+Clotilde&rft.au=Rosales%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+J.&rft.au=Tsaousis%2C+Anastasios+D.&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft.eissn=2373-8227&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=1107&rft.epage=1115&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Facsinfecdis.2c00123&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35652513&rft.externalDocID=PMC9194904
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2373-8227&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2373-8227&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2373-8227&client=summon