50 years of artificial intelligence : essays dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of Artificial Intelligence

• Main Authors: Lungarella, Max, Iida, Fumiya, Bongard, Josh, Pfeifer, Rolf
• Format: eBook Book
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin, Heidelberg Springer 2007; Springer Berlin / Heidelberg; Springer Berlin Heidelberg
• Edition: 1
• Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
• Subjects: Artificial Intelligence; Artificial intelligence-Congresses; Computation by Abstract Devices; Computer Science; Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery; Pattern Recognition; Simulation and Modeling; Software Engineering

This Festschrift volume, published in celebration of the 50th Anniversary of Artificial Intelligence, includes 34 refereed papers written by leading researchers in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The papers were carefully selected from the invited lectures given at the 50th Anniversary Summit...

Table of Contents:

• A Research Program for Networked Embodied Intelligence? -- References -- A Quantitative Investigation into Distribution of Memory and Learning in Multi Agent Systems with Implicit Communications -- Introduction -- Memory and Learning -- Distributed Nature of Learning and Memory in Brain -- Distributed Memory -- Distributed Learning -- Experimental Results -- Test Conditions and Algorithms -- Environment as a Common Memory -- An Implicit Learning Process -- Conclusions and Future Works -- AI in Locomotion: Challenges and Perspectives of Underactuated Robots -- Introduction -- ``Cheap Design" for Locomotion -- Body Dynamics for Behavioral Diversity -- Control and Learning Through Body Dynamics -- Discussion: Challenges and Perspectives -- On the Task Distribution Between Control and Mechanical Systems A Case Study with an Amoeboid Modular Robot -- Introduction -- A Robotic Case Study: Slimebot -- The Method -- The Control Algorithm -- Experiments -- Discussion: Lessons from This Case Study -- Conclusion -- Bacteria Integrated Swimming Microrobots -- Introduction -- Approach -- Integration of Bacteria with the Microrobot Body -- Bacteria Attached Micro-bead Propulsion Experiments -- Chemical Stimulus Based On/Off Motion Control -- Future Challenges -- Conclusions -- References -- Adaptive Multi-modal Sensors -- Introduction -- System -- Sensors -- Sensor Chemicals -- Diffusion -- Sensor Mode Selection -- Sensing Rare Events -- Observed Environment -- Experiments -- Experiment I: Rare Events Are Detected -- Experiment II: Simultaneous Activity Is Observed for All -- Conclusions -- Future Work -- What Can AI Get from Neuroscience? -- Introduction -- What Do We Already Know About NI (Natural Intelligence) That Can Inform AI? -- Brains Are Not Digital Computers -- Brains Don't Have a CPU
• Intro -- Title Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- AI in the 21^{\rm st} Century - With Historical Reflections -- Introduction -- Trends -- Cross-Disciplinarity -- Challenges and Outlook -- Epilogue -- References -- The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis: Status and Prospects -- Fifty Years of AI: From Symbols to Embodiment - and Back -- Introduction -- Prologue (1956): The Information Processing View -- Act I (1960s): Heuristic Search and Knowledge Representation -- Act II (1980s): Neural Networks -- Act III (1990s): Embodiment and Multi-agent Systems -- Act IV (2000s): Semiotic Dynamics -- Epilogue: Peeking into the Future -- References -- 2006: Celebrating 75 Years of AI - History and Outlook: The Next 25 Years -- Highlights of AI History---From Gödel to 2006 -- Subjective Selected Highlights of Present AI -- The Two Ways of Making a Dent in AI Research -- No Brain Without a Body / AI Becoming a Formal Science -- What's the I in AI? What Is Life? Etc. -- Formal AI Definitions -- Universal, Mathematically Optimal, But Incomputable AI -- Optimal Curiosity and Creativity -- Computable, Asymptotically Optimal General Problem Solver -- Fully Self-referential, Self-improving Gödel Machine -- Practical Algorithms for Program Learning -- The Next 25 Years -- A Pattern in the History of Revolutions? -- Evolutionary Humanoid Robotics: Past, Present and Future -- Introduction and Motivation -- Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion -- Experimental Results -- Effect of Restraining Joints and of Environment Modification -- The Bioloid Robotic Platform -- Implementation of Simulated Robots -- Discussion and Looking Ahead -- References -- Philosophical Foundations of AI -- Philosophical Preliminaries -- The Birth of AI -- Enaction -- Conclusion -- On the Role of AI in the Ongoing Paradigm Shift within the Cognitive Sciences -- Introduction
• Intrinsic Motivation and Development
• Memory Mechanisms in the Brain Are Not Physically Separable from Processing Mechanisms -- The Brain Is Asynchronous and Continuous -- With NI, the Details of the Substrate Matter -- NI Thrives on Feedback and Circular Causality -- NI Uses LOTS of Sensors -- NI Uses LOTS of Cellular Diversity -- NI Uses LOTS of Parallelism -- Delays Are Part of the Computation -- What Do We Not Know About How Brains Work, But Could Learn? -- New Neuroscience Tools -- Neuroscience to AI and Back Again -- References -- Dynamical Systems in the Sensorimotor Loop: On the Interrelation Between Internal and External Mechanisms of Evolved Robot Behavior -- Introduction -- Synthesis and Analysis of Minimal Recurrent Neural Controllers -- Conclusions -- Adaptive Behavior Control with Self-regulating Neurons -- Introduction -- Synaptic Plasticity -- Behavior of a Single Neuron -- Simulations -- Obstacle Avoidance Control -- Discussion and Outlook -- Brain Area V6A: A Cognitive Model for an Embodied Artificial Intelligence -- Neurophysiology of Prehension -- The Parietal Area V6A -- Visual Neurons Able to Localize Objects in Space -- Somatosensory Neurons Monitoring Arm Position in Space -- Neurons Encoding Planning and Execution of Reaching Movements -- Neurons Encoding the Grasping Phase of Prehension -- Links to Robotics Research -- Conclusions -- References -- The Man-Machine Interaction: The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Rehabilitation Robotics -- Introduction -- The Body and Its Surroundings -- Body Schema Modification -- FMRI Settings -- Facing Individual Changes -- Evaluation Procedure -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Tests of Machine Intelligence -- Introduction -- Turing Test and Derivatives -- Compression Tests -- Linguistic Complexity -- Multiple Cognitive Abilities -- Competitive Games -- Collection of Psychometric Tests -- Smith's Test -- C-Test
• Universal Intelligence -- Summary -- A Hierarchical Concept Oriented Representation for Spatial Cognition in Mobile Robots -- Introduction -- A Brief History in AI -- State of the Art -- Approach -- Towards an Object Based Representation of Space -- Towards Object Classification -- Towards a Structure Based Representation of Space -- Perspectives from a User Study -- Future Work -- Conclusion -- Anticipation and Future-Oriented Capabilities in Natural and Artificial Cognition -- Introduction -- Anticipation: Coordinating with the Future -- Anticipation in Natural and Artificial Cognition -- Conclusions -- Computer-Supported Human-Human MultilingualCommunication -- Introduction -- Understanding the Human Context -- Audio-Visual Perceptual Technologies -- Technology Evaluations, Data Collection and Software Architecture -- Human-Human Computer Support Services -- Cross-Lingual Human-Human Communication Services -- Domain-Limited Portable Speech Translators -- Translation of Parliamentary Speeches and Broadcast News -- Unlimited Domain Simultaneous Translation -- The Long Tail of Language -- References -- A Paradigm Shift in Artificial Intelligence: Why Social Intelligence Matters in the Design and Development of Robots with Human-Like Intelligence -- Introduction -- When AI Was Born: The Symbolic Era -- When AI Began to Crawl: The Era of Behaviour Based Systems -- Growing Up Socially: The Era of Developmental and Social Robotics -- The Social Roots of Human Intelligence -- The Social Roots of Artificial Intelligence -- Socially Intelligent Robots in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities -- The Future of AI: Who We Are, and What We Can Become?! -- References -- Intrinsically Motivated Machines -- Introduction -- What Is Intrinsic Motivation? -- Intrinsic Motivation in Psychology and Neuroscience -- The Route to Intrinsically Motivated Machines
• Toward Embodied-Embedded Cognitive Science -- Theories of Cognition -- A Philosophical Stalemate -- An Empirical Resolution -- The Failure of Embodied-Embedded AI? -- Further: The Shift Toward Enactivism -- Bodily Self-regulation -- Sensorimotor Coupling and Intersubjective Interaction -- A Fully Enactive AI? -- From AI to Phenomenology -- An Empirical Stalemate -- A Phenomenological Resolution -- Conclusion -- References -- On the Information Theoretic Implications of Embodiment - Principles and Methods -- Introduction -- Categorization in the Real World -- Information Self-structuring -- Learning and Development -- On Morphology, Dynamics, and Control -- On the Interaction of Physical and Information Processes -- Conclusion -- References -- Development Via Information Self-structuring of Sensorimotor Experience and Interaction -- Introduction: Information Self-structuring in Ontogeny -- Information Distance Measures -- Sensors as Information Sources -- Information Distance -- Experience Distance -- Development of Artificial Cortex: Using Information Theory as a Means for Self-organizing Sensorimotor Structures Grounded in Experience -- Temporally Extended Experience and Interaction Histories -- Summary and Outlook -- How Information and Embodiment Shape Intelligent Information Processing -- Introduction -- Information as a Guiding Principle -- Information and Embodiment -- Structure of Information -- Virtue Out of Necessity: Parsimony as Organizational Principle -- Outstanding Research Issues -- Final Remarks -- References -- Preliminary Considerations for a Quantitative Theory of Networked Embodied Intelligence -- Introduction -- Some Theoretical Questions -- On the Information Metrics of Intelligent Moving Bodies -- A Self Organizing Network Model for Embodied Agent Communication Pragmatics Coevolution