Plastic Films in Food Packaging Materials, Technology and Applications

The value of the groceries purchases in the USA is over $500 billion annually, most of which is accounted for by packaged foods. Plastic packaging of foods is not only ubiquitous in developed economies, but increasingly commonplace in the developing world, where plastic packaging is instrumental in...

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Main Author Ebnesajjad, Sina
Format eBook
LanguageEnglish
Published Chantilly Elsevier Science & Technology Books 2013
William Andrew
Edition1
SeriesPlastics design library
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Abstract The value of the groceries purchases in the USA is over $500 billion annually, most of which is accounted for by packaged foods. Plastic packaging of foods is not only ubiquitous in developed economies, but increasingly commonplace in the developing world, where plastic packaging is instrumental in decreasing the proportion of the food supply lost to spoilage. This new handbook is a combination of new material and updated chapters, chosen by Dr. Sina Ebnesajjad, from recently published books on this subject. Plastic Films in Food Packaging offers a practical handbook for engineers, scientists and managers working in the food packaging industry, providing a tailor-made package of science and engineering fundamentals, best practice techniques and guidance on new and emerging technologies. By covering materials, design, packaging processes, machinery and waste management together in one book, the authors enable the reader to take a lifecycle approach to food packaging. The Handbook addresses questions related to film grades, types of packages for different types of foods, packaging technologies, machinery and waste management. Additionally the book provides a review of new and emerging technologies. Two chapters cover the development of barrier films for food packaging and the regulatory and safety aspects of food packaging. Essential information and practical guidance for engineers and scientists working at all stages of the food packaging lifecycle: from design through manufacture to recycling. Includes key published material on plastic films in food packaging, updated specifically for this Handbook, and new material on the regulatory framework and safety aspects. Coverage of materials and applications together in one handbook enables engineers and scientists to make informed design and manufacturing decisions.
AbstractList The value of the groceries purchases in the USA is over $500 billion annually, most of which is accounted for by packaged foods. Plastic packaging of foods is not only ubiquitous in developed economies, but increasingly commonplace in the developing world, where plastic packaging is instrumental in decreasing the proportion of the food supply lost to spoilage. This new handbook is a combination of new material and updated chapters, chosen by Dr. Sina Ebnesajjad, from recently published books on this subject. Plastic Films in Food Packaging offers a practical handbook for engineers, scientists and managers working in the food packaging industry, providing a tailor-made package of science and engineering fundamentals, best practice techniques and guidance on new and emerging technologies. By covering materials, design, packaging processes, machinery and waste management together in one book, the authors enable the reader to take a lifecycle approach to food packaging. The Handbook addresses questions related to film grades, types of packages for different types of foods, packaging technologies, machinery and waste management. Additionally the book provides a review of new and emerging technologies. Two chapters cover the development of barrier films for food packaging and the regulatory and safety aspects of food packaging. Essential information and practical guidance for engineers and scientists working at all stages of the food packaging lifecycle: from design through manufacture to recycling. Includes key published material on plastic films in food packaging, updated specifically for this Handbook, and new material on the regulatory framework and safety aspects. Coverage of materials and applications together in one handbook enables engineers and scientists to make informed design and manufacturing decisions.
Author Ebnesajjad, Sina
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William Andrew
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Snippet The value of the groceries purchases in the USA is over $500 billion annually, most of which is accounted for by packaged foods. Plastic packaging of foods is...
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Publisher
SubjectTerms Food
Packaging
Plastic films
Plastics in packaging
Subtitle Materials, Technology and Applications
TableOfContents Front Cover -- Plastic Films in Food Packaging -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to Use of Plastics in Food Packaging -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Polyolefins -- 1.2.1 Polyethylene -- 1.2.2 Polypropylene -- 1.2.3 Specialty Polyolefins -- Polybutene-1 -- 4-Methylpentene-1-Based Polyolefin -- Cyclic Olefin Copolymer -- 1.3 Polyester -- 1.3.1 Specialty Polyesters -- Polyethylene Napthalate -- Liquid Crystalline Polymers -- Polybutylene Terephthalate -- Polycarbonate -- Polycyclohexylene-Dimethylene Terephthalate -- 1.4 Polystyrene -- 1.5 Polyvinyl Chloride -- 1.6 Polyvinylidene Chloride -- 1.7 Polyamide -- 1.7.1 Nylon 6 -- 1.7.2 Nylon 12 -- 1.7.3 Nylon 66 -- 1.7.4 Nylon 66/610 -- 1.7.5 Nylon 6/12 -- 1.7.6 Polyamide 6/69 (Nylon 6/69) -- 1.7.7 Amorphous Polyamides -- 1.8 Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer -- 1.9 Renewable Resource and Biodegradable Polymers -- 1.9.1 Ethyl Cellulose -- 1.9.2 Polycaprolactone -- 1.9.3 Polylactic Acid -- 1.9.4 Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate -- 1.10 Summary -- References -- 2 Polypropylene Films -- 2.1 Unoriented Film -- 2.2 Cast Film -- 2.3 Biaxially Oriented Film -- References -- 3 PE-Based Multilayer Film Structures -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Polymer Selection -- 3.3 Mechanical Properties -- 3.4 Barrier Properties -- 3.5 Polymer Sealability -- 3.6 Adhesive Polymers -- 3.7 Applications for Flexible Packaging Film Structures -- 3.7.1 Medical Packaging -- 3.7.2 Food Packaging -- Primal Meat Packaging (Shrink) -- Processed Meat Packaging -- Poultry/Fish Packaging -- Cereal Box Liners -- Snack Food Packaging -- Salty Snack Packaging -- Bakery -- Cheese Packaging -- Milk Pouches -- Frozen Food -- Fresh-Cut Produce -- Retortable Pouches -- Edible Oil Packaging -- Bag-in-Box -- Stretch Wrap -- Heavy-Duty Bags (Shipping Bags) -- Trash Bags -- Grocery Sacks (Merchandize Bags) -- High-Clarity Shrink Film (Oriented)
DIN-53380 Part 4: Testing of Plastics-Determination of Gas Transmissions Rate -- References -- 6 Applications of Polypropylene Films -- 6.1 Automotive Applications -- 6.1.1 Exterior Automotive Applications -- 6.1.2 Interior Automotive Applications -- 6.1.3 Under-the-Hood Automotive Applications -- 6.2 Medical Applications -- 6.3 Appliances -- 6.3.1 Small Appliances -- 6.3.2 Large Appliances -- 6.4 Textiles and Nonwovens -- 6.4.1 Floor Coverings and Home Furnishings -- 6.4.2 Automotive -- 6.4.3 Apparel -- 6.4.4 Industrial Applications and Geotextiles -- 6.4.5 Nonwovens -- 6.5 Packaging -- 6.5.1 Plastics Versus Other Packaging Materials -- 6.5.2 Use of Polypropylene in Packaging -- 6.5.3 High-Crystallinity and High-Melt-Strength Grades -- 6.5.4 Clarified Polypropylene -- 6.5.5 Metallocene Polypropylene -- 6.5.6 Rigid Packaging -- 6.5.7 Film -- 6.5.8 Barrier Packaging -- 6.6 Consumer Products -- 6.7 Building and Construction -- References -- 7 Emerging Technologies in Food Packaging: Overview -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Innovations in Food Processing and Packaging -- 7.3 Food Packaging Technologies -- 7.3.1 Extra Active Functions of Packaging Systems -- 7.3.2 Modified Atmosphere Packaging -- 7.3.3 Edible Films and Coatings -- 7.4 New Food Processing Technologies -- 7.5 Future Trends in Food Packaging -- References -- 8 Introduction to Active Food Packaging Technologies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Drivers for Choice of Active Packaging -- 8.2.1 Economic Advantage -- 8.2.2 Process Engineering Limitations -- 8.2.3 Time-Dependent Processes -- 8.2.4 Secondary Effects -- 8.2.5 Environmental Impacts -- 8.2.6 Enhanced Convenience -- 8.3 Forms of Active Packaging -- 8.3.1 Localized Effects -- 8.3.2 Whole-Package Activity -- 8.3.3 Edible Coatings -- 8.4 History of Active Packaging -- 8.4.1 Active Packaging for Processed Foods and Beverages -- Oxygen Scavenging
Carbon Dioxide Scavenging or Release -- Removal of Odors and Flavors -- Active Packaging for Produce -- Active Packaging for Fresh Meat -- 8.5 Impact on Packaging Materials and Processes -- 8.5.1 Material Properties -- Premature Activity -- 8.5.2 Process Adaptation -- 8.6 Active Packaging and the Distribution Chain -- 8.7 Regulatory Environment -- References -- 9 Oxygen-Scavenging Packaging -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Reviews -- 9.3 History -- 9.3.1 Package Inserts -- Oxidation of Metals -- Other Oxidation Reactions -- 9.3.2 Packaging Materials as Oxygen Scavengers -- Homogeneous Plastic Structures -- 9.4 Application to Food and Beverage Packaging -- 9.5 Future Opportunities -- References -- 10 Antimicrobial Packaging Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Food Safety -- 10.2.1 Spoilage of Food Products -- 10.2.2 Food-Borne Illness -- 10.2.3 Malicious Tampering and Bioterrorism -- 10.3 Antimicrobial Packaging -- 10.4 Antimicrobial Agents -- 10.4.1 Chemical Antimicrobial Agents -- 10.4.2 Natural Antimicrobial Agents -- 10.4.3 Probiotics -- 10.5 System Design -- 10.5.1 Antimicrobial Mechanisms -- 10.5.2 Microbiocidal -- 10.5.3 Microbiostatic -- 10.5.4 Functioning Modes and Volatility -- 10.5.5 Nonvolatile Migration -- 10.5.6 Volatile Migration -- 10.5.7 Nonmigration and Absorption -- 10.5.8 Shapes and Compositions of Systems -- 10.6 Commercialization -- 10.6.1 Technical Factors -- Compatibility of Process Conditions and Material Characteristics -- Physical Properties of Packaging Materials -- Controlled Release Technology -- Extra Advantages -- 10.6.2 Regulatory, Marketing, and Political Factors -- References -- 11 Damage Reduction to Food Products During Transportation and Handling -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Functions of Packaging -- 11.2.1 Containment -- 11.2.2 Protection -- 11.2.3 Communication -- 11.2.4 Utility -- 11.3 Food Product Categories
11.3.1 Meats -- 11.3.2 Seafood -- 11.3.3 Vegetables and Fruits -- Corrugated Common Footprints -- Returnable Plastic Containers -- 11.3.4 Processed Versus Nonprocessed -- 11.4 Food Product Distribution Environment -- 11.4.1 Harvesting -- 11.4.2 Packing -- 11.4.3 Shipping -- 11.4.4 Storage and Shelf Life -- 11.5 Major Causes of Food Spoilage/Damage in Supply Chain -- 11.5.1 Microbiological Spoilage -- 11.5.2 Biochemical -- 11.5.3 Chemical -- 11.5.4 Macrobiological Spoilage -- 11.5.5 Physical -- 11.6 Packaging Materials -- 11.6.1 Paper -- 11.6.2 Plastic -- 11.6.3 Metal -- 11.6.4 Glass -- 11.7 "Smart" Packaging -- 11.7.1 Active Packaging -- 11.7.2 Modified Atmosphere Packaging -- 11.7.3 Controlled Atmosphere Packaging -- 11.7.4 Intelligent Packaging -- 11.8 Trends in Protective Food Packaging of 2000 and Beyond -- 11.8.1 Food Packaging Trends -- 11.8.2 Damage Reduction Trends -- References -- 12 Food Packaging Machinery -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Containment -- 12.1.2 Protection -- 12.1.3 Communication -- 12.1.4 Utility -- 12.2 Filling Machines -- 12.3 Volumetric Fillers -- 12.3.1 Piston Fillers -- 12.3.2 Diaphragm Fillers -- 12.3.3 Timed Flow Fillers -- 12.3.4 Auger Fillers -- 12.4 Weight Filling -- 12.4.1 Net Weight Fillers -- 12.4.2 Gross Weight Fillers -- 12.5 In-Line or Rotary Fillers -- 12.5.1 In-Line Fillers -- 12.5.2 Rotary Fillers -- 12.6 Cap Application Machines -- 12.6.1 Chucks and Clutches -- 12.6.2 Chuck-Type Press-On Cappers -- 12.6.3 Roller-Type Press-On Cappers -- 12.7 Induction Cap Sealing -- 12.8 Flexible Packaging -- 12.9 Form-Fill-Seal Equipment -- 12.9.1 Vffs Equipment -- Aseptic Packaging -- 12.9.2 Hffs Equipment -- 12.9.3 Tffs Equipment -- 12.10 Canning Machinery -- 12.11 Carton Filling and Closing Machinery -- 12.11.1 Carton Filling -- 12.12 Metal Detectors -- 12.12.1 Typical Metal Detectors
3.8 Summary -- References -- 4 Biaxially Oriented Films for Packaging Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Orienting Technologies -- 4.3 Oriented Film Types-Applications -- 4.3.1 BOPP Films -- 4.3.2 BOPET Films -- 4.3.3 BOPA Films -- 4.3.4 Biaxially Oriented Polystyrene Films -- 4.3.5 Other Biaxially Oriented Films -- 4.3.6 Film Oriented in Transverse Direction -- 4.4 Trends for Oriented Films -- References -- 5 Development of High-Barrier Film for Food Packaging -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Background -- 5.3 Improvement of Barrier Properties of Films -- 5.4 Review of Permeation -- 5.5 Multilayer Flexible Packaging Structures -- 5.6 Measurement of Barrier Properties of Films -- 5.6.1 Oxygen Test Methods -- ASTM D3985 OTR -- ASTM F1307: Standard Test Method for OTR through Dry Packages Using a Coulometric Sensor -- ASTM F1927 Standard -- JIS K 7126 -- DIN-53380 Part 3: Testing of Plastics-Determination of Gas Transmissions Rate -- ISO-14663-2: Determination of Steady-State Rate of Transmission of Oxygen Gas through Ethylene/Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer in… -- 5.6.2 Water Vapor Test Methods -- ASTM F1249: Standard Test Method for WVTR through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor -- ASTM D6701: Standard Test Method for Determining WVTRs through Nonwoven and Plastic Barriers (Withdrawn) -- ASTM E 398: Standard Test Method for WVTR of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic RH Measurement -- JIS K-7129: Plastics-Film and Sheeting-Determination of WVTR-Instrumental Method -- ISO-15106-2: Plastics-Film and Sheeting-Determination of WVTR-Part 2: Infrared Detection Sensor Method -- TAPPI T-557: WVTR through Plastic Film and Sheeting using a Modulated Infrared Sensor -- 5.6.3 Carbon Dioxide Test Methods -- ASTM F2476: Test Method for the Determination of Carbon Dioxide Gas Transmission Rate (CO2TR) through Barrier Materials Usi...
13 Compostable Polymer Properties and Packaging Applications
Title Plastic Films in Food Packaging
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