Drivers of Firn Density on the Greenland Ice Sheet Revealed by Weather Station Observations and Modeling
Recent Arctic atmospheric warming induces more frequent surface melt in the accumulation area of the Greenland ice sheet. This increased melting modifies the near‐surface firn structure and density and may reduce the firn's capacity to retain meltwater. Yet few long‐term observational records a...
Saved in:
Published in | Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface Vol. 123; no. 10; pp. 2563 - 2576 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
01.10.2018
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | Recent Arctic atmospheric warming induces more frequent surface melt in the accumulation area of the Greenland ice sheet. This increased melting modifies the near‐surface firn structure and density and may reduce the firn's capacity to retain meltwater. Yet few long‐term observational records are available to determine the evolution and drivers of firn density. In this study, we compile and gap‐fill Greenland Climate Network (GC‐Net) automatic weather station data from Crawford Point, Dye‐2, NASA‐SE, and Summit between 1998 and 2015. These records then force a coupled surface energy balance and firn evolution model. We find at all sites except Summit that increasing summer turbulent heat fluxes to the surface are compensated by decreasing net radiative fluxes. After evaluating the model against firn cores, we find that, starting from 2006, the density of the top 20 m of firn at Dye‐2 increased by 11%, decreasing the pore volume by 18%. Crawford Point and Summit show stable near‐surface firn density over 1998–2010 and 2000–2015 respectively, while we calculate a 4% decrease of firn density at NASA‐SE over 1998–2015. For each year, the model identifies the drivers of density change in the top 20‐m firn and quantifies their contributions. The key driver, snowfall, explains alone 72 to 92% of the variance in day‐to‐day change in firn density while melt explains from 7 to 33%. Our result indicates that correct estimates of the magnitude and variability of precipitation are necessary to interpret or simulate the evolution of the firn.
Plain Language Summary
Arctic warming has led to more intense melt on the Greenland ice sheet. In recent decades this melt moved upglacier and started to alter the structure of perennial snow, or firn, in areas where melt was rarely recorded. In this study, we process 12–17 years of observations from four weather stations located in the vast high‐elevation area of the ice sheet. From these climate records, we calculate how much melt occurred each summer and why (e.g., warm air or sunlight absorption). We found that heat transfer from the air to the surface has become more intense but is compensated by a brightening of the surface, causing less sunlight to be absorbed and used for melting. We use a computer model that simulates firn evolution and shows a good match with independent observations of the firn density. Our simulations identify increasing firn density at a first site, stable density at two sites, and decreasing firn density at the last one. Day‐to‐day and year‐to‐year changes in the density of the top 20 m of firn were mostly due to the snowfall variability followed by surface melt. This work underlines the importance of accurate precipitation estimates in order to understand firn evolution.
Key Points
We gathered, processed, and gap‐filled underexploited climate observations at four sites from the Greenland ice sheet accumulation area
Increasing turbulent heat fluxes were found at three sites over the 1998–2015 period, compensated by decreasing net radiative fluxes
Our simulation of near‐surface firn density quantifies the role of its climatic drivers among which snowfall and surface melt are dominant |
---|---|
AbstractList | Recent Arctic atmospheric warming induces more frequent surface melt in the accumulation area of the Greenland ice sheet. This increased melting modifies the near‐surface firn structure and density and may reduce the firn's capacity to retain meltwater. Yet few long‐term observational records are available to determine the evolution and drivers of firn density. In this study, we compile and gap‐fill Greenland Climate Network (GC‐Net) automatic weather station data from Crawford Point, Dye‐2, NASA‐SE, and Summit between 1998 and 2015. These records then force a coupled surface energy balance and firn evolution model. We find at all sites except Summit that increasing summer turbulent heat fluxes to the surface are compensated by decreasing net radiative fluxes. After evaluating the model against firn cores, we find that, starting from 2006, the density of the top 20 m of firn at Dye‐2 increased by 11%, decreasing the pore volume by 18%. Crawford Point and Summit show stable near‐surface firn density over 1998–2010 and 2000–2015 respectively, while we calculate a 4% decrease of firn density at NASA‐SE over 1998–2015. For each year, the model identifies the drivers of density change in the top 20‐m firn and quantifies their contributions. The key driver, snowfall, explains alone 72 to 92% of the variance in day‐to‐day change in firn density while melt explains from 7 to 33%. Our result indicates that correct estimates of the magnitude and variability of precipitation are necessary to interpret or simulate the evolution of the firn.
Plain Language Summary
Arctic warming has led to more intense melt on the Greenland ice sheet. In recent decades this melt moved upglacier and started to alter the structure of perennial snow, or firn, in areas where melt was rarely recorded. In this study, we process 12–17 years of observations from four weather stations located in the vast high‐elevation area of the ice sheet. From these climate records, we calculate how much melt occurred each summer and why (e.g., warm air or sunlight absorption). We found that heat transfer from the air to the surface has become more intense but is compensated by a brightening of the surface, causing less sunlight to be absorbed and used for melting. We use a computer model that simulates firn evolution and shows a good match with independent observations of the firn density. Our simulations identify increasing firn density at a first site, stable density at two sites, and decreasing firn density at the last one. Day‐to‐day and year‐to‐year changes in the density of the top 20 m of firn were mostly due to the snowfall variability followed by surface melt. This work underlines the importance of accurate precipitation estimates in order to understand firn evolution.
Key Points
We gathered, processed, and gap‐filled underexploited climate observations at four sites from the Greenland ice sheet accumulation area
Increasing turbulent heat fluxes were found at three sites over the 1998–2015 period, compensated by decreasing net radiative fluxes
Our simulation of near‐surface firn density quantifies the role of its climatic drivers among which snowfall and surface melt are dominant |
Author | Møller, M. T. MacFerrin, M. As, D. Fausto, R. S. Ingeman‐Nielsen, T. Steffen, K. Jensen, N. S. Langen, P. L. Box, J. E. Colgan, W. T. Vandecrux, B. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: B. orcidid: 0000-0002-4169-8973 surname: Vandecrux fullname: Vandecrux, B. email: bava@byg.dtu.dk organization: Technical University of Denmark – sequence: 2 givenname: R. S. orcidid: 0000-0003-1317-8185 surname: Fausto fullname: Fausto, R. S. organization: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland – sequence: 3 givenname: P. L. orcidid: 0000-0003-2185-012X surname: Langen fullname: Langen, P. L. organization: Danish Meteorological Institute – sequence: 4 givenname: D. orcidid: 0000-0002-6553-8982 surname: As fullname: As, D. organization: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland – sequence: 5 givenname: M. orcidid: 0000-0001-8157-7159 surname: MacFerrin fullname: MacFerrin, M. organization: University of Colorado Boulder – sequence: 6 givenname: W. T. orcidid: 0000-0001-6334-1660 surname: Colgan fullname: Colgan, W. T. organization: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland – sequence: 7 givenname: T. orcidid: 0000-0002-0776-4869 surname: Ingeman‐Nielsen fullname: Ingeman‐Nielsen, T. organization: Technical University of Denmark – sequence: 8 givenname: K. surname: Steffen fullname: Steffen, K. organization: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL) – sequence: 9 givenname: N. S. surname: Jensen fullname: Jensen, N. S. organization: Technical University of Denmark – sequence: 10 givenname: M. T. surname: Møller fullname: Møller, M. T. organization: Technical University of Denmark – sequence: 11 givenname: J. E. orcidid: 0000-0003-0052-8705 surname: Box fullname: Box, J. E. organization: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland |
BookMark | eNpNUNFKw0AQPKSCtfbND9gfiO5drknvUVpTWyqFVvExXJI9exIvchci-XtTFXFedlhmBmYu2cg1jhi75njDUahbgTzdZIhyptIzNhY8UZFCzkd_HOMLNg3hDQfMhxcXY3ZcetuRD9AYyKx3sCQXbNtD46A9Eqw8kau1q2BdEhyORC3sqSNdUwVFDy-kB5mHQ6tbO3h2RSDfffMAJ9tjU1Ft3esVOze6DjT9vRP2nN0_LR6i7W61XtxtIy1jiZHR1VxUypRDC22oSGal4UpoOUfBVYkcSaYzUWCiNGFKEuNCFoO25EaVIoknLP7J_bQ19fmHt-_a9znH_LRS_n-lfLPaZwKVwPgLx19dzQ |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1017_jog_2022_54 crossref_primary_10_1017_jog_2022_88 crossref_primary_10_1017_jog_2020_91 crossref_primary_10_5194_essd_10_1959_2018 crossref_primary_10_5194_tc_13_845_2019 crossref_primary_10_5194_essd_14_955_2022 crossref_primary_10_5194_gmd_13_4355_2020 crossref_primary_10_5331_seppyo_83_2_143 crossref_primary_10_1029_2020GL088293 crossref_primary_10_1029_2021JF006295 crossref_primary_10_5194_tc_13_2797_2019 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs14040932 crossref_primary_10_5194_tc_14_3785_2020 crossref_primary_10_1029_2020GL088864 crossref_primary_10_5194_tc_17_3955_2023 crossref_primary_10_3389_feart_2021_578978 crossref_primary_10_5194_tc_14_4181_2020 crossref_primary_10_1017_jog_2020_30 crossref_primary_10_5194_tc_15_4315_2021 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | 2018. The Authors. |
Copyright_xml | – notice: 2018. The Authors. |
DBID | 24P WIN |
DOI | 10.1029/2017JF004597 |
DatabaseName | Wiley Online Library Open Access Wiley Online Library Free Content |
DatabaseTitleList | |
Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: 24P name: Wiley Online Library Open Access url: https://authorservices.wiley.com/open-science/open-access/browse-journals.html sourceTypes: Publisher |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
EISSN | 2169-9011 |
EndPage | 2576 |
ExternalDocumentID | JGRF20920 |
Genre | article |
GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: NASA funderid: NAGW‐4248; 6779; 5031; 6817; NAG5‐5032 – fundername: Greenland Analogue Project (GAP) – fundername: Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond funderid: 4002‐00234 – fundername: NSF/OPP funderid: 9423530 – fundername: Danish Council for Independent Research |
GroupedDBID | 05W 0R~ 1OC 24P 31~ 33P 3V. 50Y 52M 702 7XC 8-1 88I 8FE 8FG 8FH 8G5 A00 AAESR AAHHS AANLZ AASGY AAXRX AAZKR ABCUV ABJCF ABJNI ACAHQ ACCFJ ACCZN ACGFS ACGOD ACIWK ACPOU ACXBN ACXQS ADBBV ADEOM ADKYN ADMGS ADOZA ADXAS ADZMN AEEZP AEIGN AEQDE AEUYR AFBPY AFFPM AFGKR AFKRA AFPWT AFRAH AHBTC AITYG AIURR AIWBW AJBDE ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQN AMYDB ARAPS ASPBG AVWKF AZFZN AZQEC AZVAB BFHJK BGLVJ BMXJE BRXPI CCPQU DPXWK DRFUL DRSTM EBS EJD FEDTE G-S GODZA HGLYW HVGLF HZ~ L6V LATKE LEEKS LITHE LK5 LOXES LUTES LYRES M2P M7R M7S MEWTI MSFUL MSSTM MXFUL MXSTM MY~ O9- P-X P2W P62 PATMY PCBAR PQQKQ PROAC PTHSS PYCSY R.K RNS ROL SUPJJ WBKPD WIN WXSBR WYJ ~OA ~~A |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-a4340-fad82d9fc597afeb65cf192a480219c010e4752b069ae07e403b4b97ac1f9c263 |
IEDL.DBID | 24P |
ISSN | 2169-9003 |
IngestDate | Sat Aug 24 00:49:08 EDT 2024 |
IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
IsOpenAccess | true |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Issue | 10 |
Language | English |
License | Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-a4340-fad82d9fc597afeb65cf192a480219c010e4752b069ae07e403b4b97ac1f9c263 |
ORCID | 0000-0003-2185-012X 0000-0001-8157-7159 0000-0002-4169-8973 0000-0002-0776-4869 0000-0003-1317-8185 0000-0002-6553-8982 0000-0001-6334-1660 0000-0003-0052-8705 |
OpenAccessLink | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029%2F2017JF004597 |
PageCount | 14 |
ParticipantIDs | wiley_primary_10_1029_2017JF004597_JGRF20920 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | October 2018 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2018-10-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 10 year: 2018 text: October 2018 |
PublicationDecade | 2010 |
PublicationTitle | Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface |
PublicationYear | 2018 |
References | 2017; 5 2011; 137 2015; 78 2002; 36 1984; 20 2013; 26 2017; 3 2017; 4 2017; 44 1991; 96 2013; 40 2005; 115 2016; 10 2008; 15 1996 2011; 57 2012; 39 1975; 11 2014; 41 2018; 45 2015; 9 2011; 6 2011; 5 2007; 34 2001; 106 1987; 38 2012; 51 2012; 491 2018; 6 2016; 6 2016; 7 2015; 28 2003; 108 2000; 14 2017; 38 2017; 11 2000; 31 2016; 43 2008; 21 2016 1981 2012; 6 2014; 8 2014; 7 2012; 117 2012; 5 2009; 59 2001; 96 |
References_xml | – volume: 51 start-page: 1079 issue: 6 year: 2012 end-page: 1086 article-title: A dynamic method for gap filling in daily temperature datasets publication-title: Journal of Applied Meteorology – volume: 45 start-page: 3164 year: 2018 end-page: 3172 article-title: Ice core records of West Greenland melt and climate forcing publication-title: Geophysical Research Letters – volume: 137 start-page: 553 issue: 656 year: 2011 end-page: 597 article-title: The ERA‐interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system publication-title: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society – volume: 57 start-page: 755 issue: 204 year: 2011 end-page: 762 article-title: Microstructural evolution of fine‐grained layers through the firn column at summit, Greenland publication-title: Journal of Glaciology – year: 1981 – volume: 96 start-page: 671 issue: C12 year: 2001 end-page: 676 article-title: Preliminary firn‐densification model with 38‐site dataset publication-title: Journal of Glaciology – volume: 31 start-page: 133 year: 2000 end-page: 140 article-title: The treatment of meltwater retention in mass‐balance parametrization of the Greenland ice sheet publication-title: Annals of Glaciology – volume: 6 start-page: 199 issue: 1 year: 2012 end-page: 209 article-title: Large surface meltwater discharge from the Kangerlussuaq sector of the Greenland ice sheet during the record‐warm year 2010 explained by detailed energy balance observations publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 5 start-page: 773 issue: 3 year: 2012 end-page: 791 article-title: The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEXv7.2 publication-title: Geoscientific Model Development – volume: 8 start-page: 257 issue: 1 year: 2014 end-page: 274 article-title: Solving Richards equation for snow improves snowpack meltwater runoff estimations in detailed multi‐layer snowpack model publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 9 start-page: 2163 issue: 6 year: 2015 end-page: 2181 article-title: Changing surface‐atmosphere energy exchange and refreezing capacity of the lower accumulation area, West Greenland publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 38 start-page: 159 issue: 1‐2 year: 1987 end-page: 184 article-title: A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice publication-title: Boundary LayerMeteorol – volume: 7 start-page: 95 issue: 2 year: 2014 end-page: 98 article-title: Extensive liquid meltwater storage in firn within the Greenland ice sheet publication-title: Nature Geoscience – volume: 44 start-page: 6235 year: 2017 end-page: 6243 article-title: The recent warming trend in North Greenland publication-title: Geophysical Research Letters – volume: 11 start-page: 1371 issue: 3 year: 2017 end-page: 1386 article-title: Hypsometric amplification and routing moderation of Greenland ice sheet meltwater release publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 3 issue: 6 year: 2017 article-title: Decreasing cloud cover drives the recent mass loss on the Greenland ice sheet publication-title: Science Advances – start-page: 98 year: 1996 end-page: 103 – volume: 43 start-page: 2649 year: 2016 end-page: 2658 article-title: The implication of nonradiative energy fluxes dominating Greenland ice sheet exceptional ablation area surface melt in 2012 publication-title: Geophysical Research Letters – volume: 14 start-page: 3207 issue: 18 year: 2000 end-page: 3214 article-title: Ice layer and surface crust permeability in seasonal snow pack publication-title: Hydrological Processes – volume: 78 issue: 4 year: 2015 article-title: Greenland ice sheet mass balance: A review publication-title: Reports on Progress in Physics – volume: 106 start-page: 33,951 issue: D24 year: 2001 end-page: 33,964 article-title: Surface climatology of the Greenland ice sheet: Greenland climate network 1995–1999 publication-title: Journal of Glaciology – volume: 106 start-page: 33,839 issue: D24 year: 2001 end-page: 33,851 article-title: Local to regional‐scale variability of annual net accumulation on the Greenlandice sheet from PARCA cores publication-title: Journal of Glaciology – volume: 9 start-page: 1203 issue: 3 year: 2015 end-page: 1211 article-title: Changes in the firn structure of the western Greenland ice sheet caused by recent warming publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 6 issue: 51 year: 2018 article-title: A snow density dataset for improving surface boundary conditions in Greenland ice sheet firn modelling publication-title: Frontiers in Earth Science – volume: 34 year: 2007 article-title: Greenland surface melt trends 1973–2007: Evidence of a large increase in 2007 publication-title: Geophysical Research Letters – volume: 6 issue: 1 year: 2011 article-title: The role of albedo and accumulation in the 2010 melting record in Greenland publication-title: Environmental Research Letters – volume: 38 start-page: 53 year: 2017 end-page: 56 article-title: Greenland, Canadian and Icelandic land‐ice albedo grids (2000–2016) publication-title: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin – volume: 26 start-page: 6974 issue: 18 year: 2013 end-page: 6989 article-title: Greenland ice sheet mass balance reconstruction. Part II: Surface mass balance (1840–2010) publication-title: Journal of Climate – volume: 10 start-page: 2731 issue: 6 year: 2016 end-page: 2744 article-title: Simulating ice layer formation under the presence of preferential flow in layered snowpacks publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 21 start-page: 331 issue: 2 year: 2008 end-page: 341 article-title: Increased runoff from melt from the Greenland ice sheet: A response to global warming publication-title: Journal of Climate – volume: 10 start-page: 1933 issue: 5 year: 2016 end-page: 1946 article-title: On the recent contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level change publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 11 start-page: 2507 issue: 6 year: 2017 end-page: 2526 article-title: The modelled liquid water balance of the Greenland ice sheet publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 20 start-page: 1853 issue: 12 year: 1984 end-page: 1864 article-title: Wetting front advance and freezing of meltwater within a snow cover. 1. Observations in the Canadian Arctic publication-title: Water Resources Research – volume: 11 start-page: 261 issue: 2 year: 1975 end-page: 266 article-title: A theory of water flow through a layered snowpack publication-title: Water Resources Research – volume: 5 start-page: 359 issue: 2 year: 2011 end-page: 375 article-title: Melting trends over the Greenland ice sheet (1958–2009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 6 start-page: 390 issue: 4 year: 2016 end-page: 393 article-title: Greenland meltwater storage in firn limited by near‐surface ice formation publication-title: Nature Climate Change – volume: 6 start-page: 939 issue: 5 year: 2012 end-page: 951 article-title: 3‐D image‐based numerical computations of snow permeability: Links to specific surface area, density, and microstructural anisotropy publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 96 start-page: 22,117 issue: C12 year: 1991 end-page: 22,124 article-title: Retention of Greenland runoff by refreezing: Implication for projected future sea level change publication-title: Journal of Glaciology – volume: 4 issue: 110 year: 2017 article-title: Liquid water flow and retention on the Greenland ice sheet in the regional climate model HIRHAM5: Local and large‐scale impacts publication-title: Frontiers in Earth Science – volume: 108 issue: D8 year: 2003 article-title: Modelling of snow and ice melt at ETH camp (West Greenland): A study of surface albedo publication-title: Journal of Geophysical Research – volume: 117 year: 2012 article-title: Very high resolution in regional climate model simulations for Greenland: Identifying added value publication-title: Journal of Geophysical Research – volume: 6 start-page: 821 issue: 4 year: 2012 end-page: 839 article-title: Greenland ice sheet albedo feedback: Thermodynamics and atmospheric drivers publication-title: The Cryosphere – volume: 5 issue: 16 year: 2017 article-title: Parameterizing deep water percolation improves subsurface temperature simulations by a multilayer firn model publication-title: Frontiers in Earth Science – volume: 36 start-page: 2789 issue: 15‐16 year: 2002 end-page: 2797 article-title: Snow and firn properties and air–snow transport processes at summit, Greenland publication-title: Atmospheric Environment – volume: 41 start-page: 866 year: 2014 end-page: 872 article-title: An improved mass budget for the Greenland ice sheet publication-title: Geophysical Research Letters – volume: 15 start-page: 61 year: 2008 end-page: 64 article-title: A new programme for monitoring the mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet publication-title: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin – volume: 28 start-page: 3694 issue: 9 year: 2015 end-page: 3713 article-title: Quantifying energy and mass fluxes controlling Godthåbsfjord freshwater input in a 5‐km simulation (1991–2012) publication-title: Journal of Climate – volume: 40 start-page: 2109 year: 2013 end-page: 2113 article-title: Rapid loss of firn pore space accelerates 21st century Greenland mass loss publication-title: Geophysical Research Letters – volume: 106 start-page: 33,965 issue: D24 year: 2001 end-page: 33,981 article-title: Sublimation on the Greenland ice sheet from automated weather station observations publication-title: Journal of Geophysical Research – volume: 7 year: 2016 article-title: Clouds enhance Greenland ice sheet meltwater runoff publication-title: Nature Communications – volume: 491 start-page: 240 issue: 7423 year: 2012 end-page: 243 article-title: Greenland ice‐sheet contribution to sea‐level rise buffered by meltwater storage in firn publication-title: Nature – volume: 115 start-page: 289 issue: 2 year: 2005 end-page: 317 article-title: The summer surface energy balance of the high Antartic plateau publication-title: Boundary‐Layer Meteorology – volume: 59 start-page: 143 issue: 2‐3 year: 2009 end-page: 151 article-title: A multiple snow layer model including a parameterization of vertical water channel process in snowpack publication-title: Cold Regions Science and Technology – volume: 6 start-page: 743 issue: 4 year: 2012 end-page: 762 article-title: Refreezing on the Greenland ice sheet: A comparison of parameterizations publication-title: The Cryosphere – year: 2016 article-title: Snow pit data from Greenland summit, 1989 to 1993 publication-title: NSF Arctic Data Center – volume: 39 year: 2012 article-title: The extreme melt across the Greenland ice sheet in 2012 publication-title: Geophysical Research Letters |
SSID | ssj0000816912 |
Score | 2.2170737 |
Snippet | Recent Arctic atmospheric warming induces more frequent surface melt in the accumulation area of the Greenland ice sheet. This increased melting modifies the... |
SourceID | wiley |
SourceType | Publisher |
StartPage | 2563 |
SubjectTerms | compaction densification firn modeling snow surface energy balance |
Title | Drivers of Firn Density on the Greenland Ice Sheet Revealed by Weather Station Observations and Modeling |
URI | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029%2F2017JF004597 |
Volume | 123 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV07T8MwELagLCwIBIi3PDBi4cZOE4-IEkolHmqp6Bb5cVZZUtQGpP57fE5UlZEtkh0ruot9n-_xHSHXRgUzaR1n4FJgEoRnBrxnwvHM8p5y4LAa-fmlN5jI4TSdtg43rIVp-CHWDjfcGfG8xg2uzbIlG0COzGC5smGBkERl22QnIJsc_-pEvq19LNhUQsWAZxIeGDrt2tz3sMTt5gJ_oWm0LcU-2WtBIb1rtHhAtqA6JLP-IuZM0Lmnxeeion3MNa9XdF7RgNpozJjBvET6ZIGOZwA1HcEPAj9HzYp-NOCOjptgO301awfskuJr2AYNi9GPyKR4eL8fsLYvAtNSSM68dnnilLfhw7UH00utD0BNyzwYbGXDDQtkliYmiFoDz0ByYaQJc23XK5v0xDHpVPMKTgjNlJLcp0IJ5JHX4ZqtheYp5FgQm9ruKbmJcim_Gu6LMsasE1VuCq8cPo6COlTCz_43_ZzshoGGXrZ7QTr14hsug42vzVVU5C8K2Z7U |
link.rule.ids | 315,786,790,11589,27955,27956,46085,46509 |
linkProvider | Wiley-Blackwell |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV07T8MwELagDLAgECDeeGAkwo2dpB4RJbSlLagP0S3y46yypKgEpP57fElUlZHNw9mK7uTc53t8R8itlt5NGssCsBEEArgLNDgXcMsSw2JpwWI38mAYd6aiN4tm9ZxT7IWp-CHWATe8GeX_Gi84BqRrtgEkyfSuK-mliElksk12BHLBIbWzeFsHWXCqhCwznqFfBBi1q4vf_RH3mwf8xaalc0kPyH6NCulDZcZDsgX5EZm3l2XRBF04mn4sc9rGYvNiRRc59bCNliUzWJhIuwboeA5Q0BH8IPKzVK_oe4Xu6LjKttNXvY7AflHchnPQsBv9mEzTp8ljJ6gHIwRKcMECp2wrtNIZ_-HKgY4j4zxSU6LlPbY0_okFIolC7XWtgCUgGNdCe1nTdNKEMT8hjXyRwymhiZSCuYhLjkTyyr-zFVcsghZ2xEameUbuSr1knxX5RVYmrUOZbSov6z2PvDlkyM7_J35DdjuTQT_rd4cvF2TPC1Vcs81L0iiW33DlHX6hr0uj_gK2pqI8 |
linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV07T8MwELagSIgFgQDxxgMjFm7iJPWIKKEtUKqWCrbIj7PKklalIPXf43OiqoxsHs5WdCfnPt_jO0KutfRu0ljOwCbABMSOaXCOxZZnhqfSgsVu5Jd-2hmL3kfyUQfcsBem4odYBdzwZoT_NV7wmXU12QByZHrPlfVyhCQy2yRbIvXgAZmdxWAVY8GhEjIkPCO_YBi0q2vf_RG36wf8habBt-R7ZLcGhfSusuI-2YDygEza81AzQaeO5p_zkrax1nyxpNOSetRGQ8UM1iXSrgE6mgAs6BB-EPhZqpf0vQJ3dFQl2-mrXgVgvyhuwzFo2Ix-SMb5w9t9h9VzEZgSseDMKduKrHTGf7hyoNPEOA_UlGh5hy2Nf2GByJJIe1Ur4BkIHmuhvaxpOmmiND4ijXJawjGhmZSCuySWMfLIK__MVrHiCbSwITYxzRNyE_RSzCruiyLkrCNZrCuv6D0OvTlkxE__J35FtgftvHju9p_OyI6XqZhmm-eksZh_w4V39wt9GWz6C_69oWU |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drivers+of+Firn+Density+on+the+Greenland+Ice+Sheet+Revealed+by+Weather+Station+Observations+and+Modeling&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+geophysical+research.+Earth+surface&rft.au=Vandecrux%2C+B.&rft.au=Fausto%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Langen%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=As%2C+D.&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.issn=2169-9003&rft.eissn=2169-9011&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=2563&rft.epage=2576&rft_id=info:doi/10.1029%2F2017JF004597&rft.externalDBID=10.1029%252F2017JF004597&rft.externalDocID=JGRF20920 |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2169-9003&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2169-9003&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2169-9003&client=summon |