The role of fault zone fabric and lithification state on frictional strength, constitutive behavior, and deformation microstructure
We examine the frictional behavior of a range of lithified rocks used as analogs for fault rocks, cataclasites and ultracataclasites at seismogenic depths and compare them with gouge powders commonly used in experimental studies of faults. At normal stresses of ∼50 MPa, the frictional strength of li...
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| Published in | Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 116; no. B8 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Washington
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.08.2011
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0148-0227 2169-9313 2156-2202 2169-9356 |
| DOI | 10.1029/2011JB008264 |
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| Abstract | We examine the frictional behavior of a range of lithified rocks used as analogs for fault rocks, cataclasites and ultracataclasites at seismogenic depths and compare them with gouge powders commonly used in experimental studies of faults. At normal stresses of ∼50 MPa, the frictional strength of lithified, isotropic hard rocks is generally higher than their powdered equivalents, whereas foliated phyllosilicate‐rich fault rocks are generally weaker than powdered fault gouge, depending on foliation intensity. Most samples exhibit velocity‐strengthening frictional behavior, in which sliding friction increases with slip velocity, with velocity weakening limited to phyllosilicate‐poor samples. This suggests that lithification of phyllosilicate‐rich fault gouge alone is insufficient to allow earthquake nucleation. Microstructural observations show prominent, throughgoing shear planes and grain comminution in the R1 Riedel orientation and some evidence of boundary shear in phyllosilicate‐poor samples, while more complicated, anastomosing features at lower angles are common for phyllosilicate‐rich samples. Comparison between powdered gouges of differing thicknesses shows that higher Riedel shear angles correlate with lower apparent coefficients of friction in thick fault zones. This suggests that the difference between the measured apparent friction and the true internal friction depends on the orientation of internal deformation structures, consistent with theoretical considerations of stress rotation.
Key Points
Fault strength depends on lithification state, composition and fabric
Lithification of fault rock by itself cannot drive seismogenic slip
Increased fault zone thickness can result in low apparent friction |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Fault strength depends on lithification state, composition and fabric Lithification of fault rock by itself cannot drive seismogenic slip Increased fault zone thickness can result in low apparent friction We examine the frictional behavior of a range of lithified rocks used as analogs for fault rocks, cataclasites and ultracataclasites at seismogenic depths and compare them with gouge powders commonly used in experimental studies of faults. At normal stresses of ~50 MPa, the frictional strength of lithified, isotropic hard rocks is generally higher than their powdered equivalents, whereas foliated phyllosilicate-rich fault rocks are generally weaker than powdered fault gouge, depending on foliation intensity. Most samples exhibit velocity-strengthening frictional behavior, in which sliding friction increases with slip velocity, with velocity weakening limited to phyllosilicate-poor samples. This suggests that lithification of phyllosilicate-rich fault gouge alone is insufficient to allow earthquake nucleation. Microstructural observations show prominent, throughgoing shear planes and grain comminution in the R1 Riedel orientation and some evidence of boundary shear in phyllosilicate-poor samples, while more complicated, anastomosing features at lower angles are common for phyllosilicate-rich samples. Comparison between powdered gouges of differing thicknesses shows that higher Riedel shear angles correlate with lower apparent coefficients of friction in thick fault zones. This suggests that the difference between the measured apparent friction and the true internal friction depends on the orientation of internal deformation structures, consistent with theoretical considerations of stress rotation. We examine the frictional behavior of a range of lithified rocks used as analogs for fault rocks, cataclasites and ultracataclasites at seismogenic depths and compare them with gouge powders commonly used in experimental studies of faults. At normal stresses of ∼50 MPa, the frictional strength of lithified, isotropic hard rocks is generally higher than their powdered equivalents, whereas foliated phyllosilicate‐rich fault rocks are generally weaker than powdered fault gouge, depending on foliation intensity. Most samples exhibit velocity‐strengthening frictional behavior, in which sliding friction increases with slip velocity, with velocity weakening limited to phyllosilicate‐poor samples. This suggests that lithification of phyllosilicate‐rich fault gouge alone is insufficient to allow earthquake nucleation. Microstructural observations show prominent, throughgoing shear planes and grain comminution in the R1 Riedel orientation and some evidence of boundary shear in phyllosilicate‐poor samples, while more complicated, anastomosing features at lower angles are common for phyllosilicate‐rich samples. Comparison between powdered gouges of differing thicknesses shows that higher Riedel shear angles correlate with lower apparent coefficients of friction in thick fault zones. This suggests that the difference between the measured apparent friction and the true internal friction depends on the orientation of internal deformation structures, consistent with theoretical considerations of stress rotation. Key Points Fault strength depends on lithification state, composition and fabric Lithification of fault rock by itself cannot drive seismogenic slip Increased fault zone thickness can result in low apparent friction |
| ArticleNumber | B08404 |
| Author | Niemeijer, André R. Ikari, Matt J. Marone, Chris |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Matt J. surname: Ikari fullname: Ikari, Matt J. email: mikari@marum.de organization: Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: André R. surname: Niemeijer fullname: Niemeijer, André R. organization: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Chris surname: Marone fullname: Marone, Chris organization: Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, University Park, USA |
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| Snippet | We examine the frictional behavior of a range of lithified rocks used as analogs for fault rocks, cataclasites and ultracataclasites at seismogenic depths and... Fault strength depends on lithification state, composition and fabric Lithification of fault rock by itself cannot drive seismogenic slip Increased fault zone... |
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| SubjectTerms | Continental dynamics Earthquakes fabric Fabrics fault Fault lines Friction Geology Geophysics Lithification Microstructure Plate tectonics Rheology Rocks Seismic activity Seismology stress orientation |
| Title | The role of fault zone fabric and lithification state on frictional strength, constitutive behavior, and deformation microstructure |
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