The Effects of Visual Masking on Recognition: Similarities to the Generation Effect
Previous research has shown that stimuli that are masked during encoding are remembered better than stimuli that are unmasked (Nairne, 1988). Four experiments were conducted that demonstrate several limitations to this effect. A recognition advantage for masked items over unmasked items was not foun...
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| Published in | Journal of memory and language Vol. 37; no. 4; pp. 584 - 596 |
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| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
San Diego, CA
Elsevier Inc
01.11.1997
Elsevier Academic Press Elsevier BV |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0749-596X 1096-0821 |
| DOI | 10.1006/jmla.1997.2531 |
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| Abstract | Previous research has shown that stimuli that are masked during encoding are remembered better than stimuli that are unmasked (Nairne, 1988). Four experiments were conducted that demonstrate several limitations to this effect. A recognition advantage for masked items over unmasked items was not found when the stimuli were unfamiliar low-frequency words and nonwords. A recognition advantage was also not found when the encoding task discouraged a cursory reading of the unmasked items and when masking was manipulated as a between-subjects variable. These boundary conditions resemble ones found in previous studies of the generation effect. |
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| AbstractList | Memory for visually presented verbal stimuli has been found to be better for masked stimuli. Four experiments (N = 76, 27, 56, & 45 college students) reported here test the similarity between this masking effect & the generation effect of N. J. Slamecka & P. Graf (1978), which is weaker when stimuli are less frequent, less familiar, or nonwords. Masking produced no recognition advantage when the stimuli were low frequency words (experiment 1) or pronounceable nonwords (experiment 2). The masking advantage persisted for words that subjects read as they were presented but disappeared for words they spelled (experiment 3). The advantage also disappeared when masked words were identified separately from intact words (experiment 4). It is concluded that the perceptual interference effect is limited by stimulus frequency & familiarity, encoding instructions, & experimental design. 2 Tables, 43 References. L. Lagerquist Previous research has shown that stimuli that are masked during encoding are remembered better than stimuli that are unmasked (Nairne, 1988). Four experiments were conducted that demonstrate several limitations to this effect. A recognition advantage for masked items over unmasked items was not found when the stimuli were unfamiliar low-frequency words and nonwords. A recognition advantage was also not found when the encoding task discouraged a cursory reading of the unmasked items and when masking was manipulated as a between-subjects variable. These boundary conditions resemble ones found in previous studies of the generation effect. Previous research shows that stimuli that are masked during encoding are remembered better than stimuli that are unmasked. Four experiments were conducted to demonstrtae several limitations to this effect. |
| Author | Westerman, Deanne L. Greene, Robert L. |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1037/h0025052 10.3758/BF03197011 10.1016/S0022-5371(73)80042-8 10.1016/0749-596X(87)90104-5 10.1037/0278-7393.4.6.592 10.1037/0033-295X.83.1.1 10.1037/0033-295X.88.2.93 10.1016/S0022-5371(82)90593-X 10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80016-9 10.1037/h0084191 10.3758/BF03197700 10.3758/BF03198475 10.1037/h0027577 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.375 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80048-4 10.3758/BF03199571 10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.329 10.3758/BF03211162 10.1037/0278-7393.1.6.689 10.1016/0749-596X(90)90063-6 10.3758/BF03213975 10.1037/h0027366 10.1037/h0032278 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80031-9 10.1016/S0022-5371(82)90764-2 10.1016/0010-0277(81)90020-2 |
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| Keywords | Human Recognition memory Word Memory Cognition Generation effect Reading Language Coding Vision Information processing Frequency Perception Masking |
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| Snippet | Previous research has shown that stimuli that are masked during encoding are remembered better than stimuli that are unmasked (Nairne, 1988). Four experiments... Previous research shows that stimuli that are masked during encoding are remembered better than stimuli that are unmasked. Four experiments were conducted to... Memory for visually presented verbal stimuli has been found to be better for masked stimuli. Four experiments (N = 76, 27, 56, & 45 college students) reported... |
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| SubjectTerms | Biological and medical sciences Eyes & eyesight Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Human Learning. Memory Masking Memory Psychology Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Word Frequency Word Recognition |
| Title | The Effects of Visual Masking on Recognition: Similarities to the Generation Effect |
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