Mechanistic Insights into Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction on Vanadium Nitride Nanoparticles
Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however, a selective electrocatalyst is lacking. Here we show that vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles are active, selective, and stable ENRR catalysts wit...
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| Published in | Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. 140; no. 41; pp. 13387 - 13391 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
American Chemical Society
17.10.2018
American Chemical Society (ACS) |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0002-7863 1520-5126 1520-5126 |
| DOI | 10.1021/jacs.8b08379 |
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| Abstract | Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however, a selective electrocatalyst is lacking. Here we show that vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles are active, selective, and stable ENRR catalysts with an ENRR rate and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 3.3 × 10–10 mol s–1 cm–2 and 6.0% at −0.1 V within 1 h, respectively. ENRR with 15N2 as the feed produces both 14NH3 and 15NH3, which indicates that the reaction follows a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of fresh and spent catalysts reveals that multiple vanadium oxide, oxynitride, and nitride species are present on the surface and identified VN0.7O0.45 as the active phase in the ENRR. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and catalyst durability test results corroborate this hypothesis and indicate that the conversion of VN0.7O0.45 to the VN phase leads to catalyst deactivation. We hypothesize that only the surface N sites adjacent to a surface O are active in the ENRR. An ammonia production rate of 1.1 × 10–10 mol s–1 cm–2 can be maintained for 116 h, with a steady-state turnover number of 431. |
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| AbstractList | Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however, a selective electrocatalyst is lacking. Here we show that vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles are active, selective, and stable ENRR catalysts with an ENRR rate and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 3.3 × 10-10 mol s-1 cm-2 and 6.0% at -0.1 V within 1 h, respectively. ENRR with 15N2 as the feed produces both 14NH3 and 15NH3, which indicates that the reaction follows a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of fresh and spent catalysts reveals that multiple vanadium oxide, oxynitride, and nitride species are present on the surface and identified VN0.7O0.45 as the active phase in the ENRR. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and catalyst durability test results corroborate this hypothesis and indicate that the conversion of VN0.7O0.45 to the VN phase leads to catalyst deactivation. We hypothesize that only the surface N sites adjacent to a surface O are active in the ENRR. An ammonia production rate of 1.1 × 10-10 mol s-1 cm-2 can be maintained for 116 h, with a steady-state turnover number of 431.Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however, a selective electrocatalyst is lacking. Here we show that vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles are active, selective, and stable ENRR catalysts with an ENRR rate and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 3.3 × 10-10 mol s-1 cm-2 and 6.0% at -0.1 V within 1 h, respectively. ENRR with 15N2 as the feed produces both 14NH3 and 15NH3, which indicates that the reaction follows a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of fresh and spent catalysts reveals that multiple vanadium oxide, oxynitride, and nitride species are present on the surface and identified VN0.7O0.45 as the active phase in the ENRR. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and catalyst durability test results corroborate this hypothesis and indicate that the conversion of VN0.7O0.45 to the VN phase leads to catalyst deactivation. We hypothesize that only the surface N sites adjacent to a surface O are active in the ENRR. An ammonia production rate of 1.1 × 10-10 mol s-1 cm-2 can be maintained for 116 h, with a steady-state turnover number of 431. Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however, a selective electrocatalyst is lacking. Here we show that vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles are active, selective, and stable ENRR catalysts with an ENRR rate and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 3.3 × 10–10 mol s–1 cm–2 and 6.0% at -0.1 V within 1 h, respectively. ENRR with 15N2 as the feed produces both 14NH3 and 15NH3, which indicates that the reaction follows a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of fresh and spent catalysts reveals that multiple vanadium oxide, oxynitride, and nitride species are present on the surface and identified VN0.7O0.45 as the active phase in the ENRR. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and catalyst durability test results corroborate this hypothesis and indicate that the conversion of VN0.7O0.45 to the VN phase leads to catalyst deactivation. We hypothesize that only the surface N sites adjacent to a surface O are active in the ENRR. Finally, an ammonia production rate of 1.1 × 10–10 mol s–1 cm–2 can be maintained for 116 h, with a steady-state turnover number of 431. Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however, a selective electrocatalyst is lacking. Here we show that vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles are active, selective, and stable ENRR catalysts with an ENRR rate and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 3.3 × 10–10 mol s–1 cm–2 and 6.0% at −0.1 V within 1 h, respectively. ENRR with 15N2 as the feed produces both 14NH3 and 15NH3, which indicates that the reaction follows a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of fresh and spent catalysts reveals that multiple vanadium oxide, oxynitride, and nitride species are present on the surface and identified VN0.7O0.45 as the active phase in the ENRR. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and catalyst durability test results corroborate this hypothesis and indicate that the conversion of VN0.7O0.45 to the VN phase leads to catalyst deactivation. We hypothesize that only the surface N sites adjacent to a surface O are active in the ENRR. An ammonia production rate of 1.1 × 10–10 mol s–1 cm–2 can be maintained for 116 h, with a steady-state turnover number of 431. Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however, a selective electrocatalyst is lacking. Here we show that vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles are active, selective, and stable ENRR catalysts with an ENRR rate and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 3.3 × 10–¹⁰ mol s–¹ cm–² and 6.0% at −0.1 V within 1 h, respectively. ENRR with ¹⁵N₂ as the feed produces both ¹⁴NH₃ and ¹⁵NH₃, which indicates that the reaction follows a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of fresh and spent catalysts reveals that multiple vanadium oxide, oxynitride, and nitride species are present on the surface and identified VN₀.₇O₀.₄₅ as the active phase in the ENRR. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and catalyst durability test results corroborate this hypothesis and indicate that the conversion of VN₀.₇O₀.₄₅ to the VN phase leads to catalyst deactivation. We hypothesize that only the surface N sites adjacent to a surface O are active in the ENRR. An ammonia production rate of 1.1 × 10–¹⁰ mol s–¹ cm–² can be maintained for 116 h, with a steady-state turnover number of 431. Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however, a selective electrocatalyst is lacking. Here we show that vanadium nitride (VN) nanoparticles are active, selective, and stable ENRR catalysts with an ENRR rate and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 3.3 × 10 mol s cm and 6.0% at -0.1 V within 1 h, respectively. ENRR with N as the feed produces both NH and NH , which indicates that the reaction follows a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of fresh and spent catalysts reveals that multiple vanadium oxide, oxynitride, and nitride species are present on the surface and identified VN O as the active phase in the ENRR. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and catalyst durability test results corroborate this hypothesis and indicate that the conversion of VN O to the VN phase leads to catalyst deactivation. We hypothesize that only the surface N sites adjacent to a surface O are active in the ENRR. An ammonia production rate of 1.1 × 10 mol s cm can be maintained for 116 h, with a steady-state turnover number of 431. |
| Author | Stavitski, Eli Attenkofer, Klaus Yang, Xuan Anibal, Jacob Dunwell, Marco Chen, Jingguang G Nash, Jared Kattel, Shyam Yan, Yushan Xu, Bingjun |
| AuthorAffiliation | National Synchrotron Light Source II Department of Chemical Engineering Columbia University Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Chemistry Division |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Department of Chemical Engineering – name: National Synchrotron Light Source II – name: Chemistry Division – name: Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering – name: Columbia University |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xuan orcidid: 0000-0001-8750-0742 surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Xuan organization: Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering – sequence: 2 givenname: Jared surname: Nash fullname: Nash, Jared organization: Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering – sequence: 3 givenname: Jacob surname: Anibal fullname: Anibal, Jacob organization: Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering – sequence: 4 givenname: Marco surname: Dunwell fullname: Dunwell, Marco organization: Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering – sequence: 5 givenname: Shyam surname: Kattel fullname: Kattel, Shyam organization: Columbia University – sequence: 6 givenname: Eli surname: Stavitski fullname: Stavitski, Eli – sequence: 7 givenname: Klaus surname: Attenkofer fullname: Attenkofer, Klaus – sequence: 8 givenname: Jingguang G surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Jingguang G email: jgchen@columbia.edu organization: Columbia University – sequence: 9 givenname: Yushan orcidid: 0000-0001-6616-4575 surname: Yan fullname: Yan, Yushan email: yanys@udel.edu organization: Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering – sequence: 10 givenname: Bingjun orcidid: 0000-0002-2303-257X surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Bingjun email: bxu@udel.edu organization: Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30244579$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1484883$$D View this record in Osti.gov |
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| Snippet | Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however,... Renewable production of ammonia, a building block for most fertilizers, via the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) is desirable; however, a... |
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| SubjectTerms | ammonia catalysts durability electrochemistry fertilizers INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY nanoparticles nitrides nitrogen stable isotopes vanadium X-ray absorption spectroscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| Title | Mechanistic Insights into Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction on Vanadium Nitride Nanoparticles |
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