The Biology of the First 1,000 Days
The first 1,000 days, from conception to two years of age, is a critical period of growth and development. Exposures to dietary, environmental, hormonal, and other stressors during this window have been associated with an increased risk of poor health outcomes, some of which are irreversible. The bo...
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| Main Authors | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format | eBook |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Milton
Routledge
2017
CRC Press No Funder Information Available Taylor & Francis CRC Press LLC |
| Edition | 1 |
| Series | Oxidative Stress and Disease |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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Table of Contents:
- Caffeine, Alcohol, and Other Intoxicants -- Conclusion and Future Directions for Research -- References -- Chapter 4: Nutrient Requirements during Lactation -- Introduction -- Energy -- Fatty Acids -- Protein -- Carbohydrate -- Vitamin A -- B Vitamins -- Vitamin C -- Vitamin D -- Calcium -- Iron -- Iodine -- Zinc -- Copper and Selenium -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Nutrient Requirements of Infants and Young Children -- Nutrition Considerations for Young Infants (0-6 Months) -- Nutrition Considerations for Older Infants and Toddlers (6-24 months) -- Contemporary Health Issues Related to Complementary Feeding Practices -- Complementary Feeding and Allergy Prevention -- Obesity Risk and Protein Intake -- Neurocognitive Development and Early Nutrition -- Conclusion -- References -- Section IV : Endocrinology in the Regulation of Growth -- Chapter 6: Hormonal Regulation during Lactation and Human Milk Production -- The Hormones of Lactation: Actions and Patterns of Secretion -- Actions of Prolactin (PRL) -- Actions of Oxytocin (OT) -- Differential Patterns of PRL and OT Release in Response to Suckling -- Animal Studies -- Studies in Humans -- Neuroendocrine Control of PRL and OT Secretion -- The Suckling-Activated Afferent Pathway to the Neuroendocrine Hypothalamus -- Neuroendocrine Regulation of PRL Secretion in Lactation -- Tuberoinfundibular Dopamine -- Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone -- "Upstream" Regulation over Prolactin: Central Neurotransmitters -- Neuroendocrine Regulation of OT Secretion in Lactation -- Anatomy of the OT Neuroendocrine System -- The Milk Ejection Reflex: Neuronal Mechanisms -- Neurotransmitters: Glutamate, Norepinephrine, and γ-Aminobutyric Acid -- Intranuclear Release of OT -- Synchronization Mechanisms -- Glial Plasticity in the Magnocellular Nuclei and Neurohypophysis -- Endocrine Dysfunction and Lactation
- Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Series Preface -- Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I : Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Importance of the First 1,000 Days -- Epidemiological Burden and Distribution of the Problem of Malnutrition -- Window of Opportunity -- The First 300 Days -- The Next 700 Days of Life -- Risk Factors for Child Stunting -- Public Health and Economic Importance of Nutrition and the First 1,000 Days -- Conclusion -- References -- Section II : What Is Normal Growth? -- Chapter 2: World Health Organization Child Growth Standards -- Introduction -- Rationale for Developing the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards -- Design of the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study -- Construction of the WHO Child Growth Standards -- Innovative Aspects of the WHO Child Growth Standards -- Implications of Adopting the WHO Child Growth Standards for Public Health and Clinical Practice -- Complementary Charts for Fetuses, Newborns by Gestational Age, Preterm Infants, and Children Older Than 5 Years of Age -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Section III : Nutritional Requirements in the Life Stages -- Chapter 3: Nutrient Requirements and Recommendations during Pregnancy -- Introduction -- Requirements and Recommendations for Macronutrients during Pregnancy -- Energy -- Fat and Fatty Acids -- Protein -- Carbohydrates -- Requirements and Recommendations for Mineral Intakes During Pregnancy -- Iron -- Zinc -- Iodine -- Calcium -- Other Minerals -- Requirements and Recommendations for Vitamin Intakes during Pregnancy -- Vitamin A -- Vitamin D -- Folate -- Vitamin B12 -- Other Vitamins -- Recommendations for Avoidance and Limitation of Intakes during Pregnancy -- Toxic Heavy Metals, Contaminants, and Food Additives
- References -- Chapter 7: Thyroid Function and Growth -- Consequences of Suboptimal Iodine Status during the First 1,000 Days -- Iodine Metabolism and the Thyroid Hormones -- Iodine Uptake from the Gut -- Metabolism of Iodine: The Formation and Cellular Uptake of Thyroid Hormones -- Iodine Excretion -- Iodine Metabolism and Thyroid Hormones during the First 1,000 Days -- Pregnancy and the Fetus -- The Neonate and the Infant -- Iodine Requirements during the First 1,000 Days -- Iodine, Thyroid Hormones, and Growth during the First 1,000 Days -- Effects of Thyroid Hormones on the Reproductive System -- Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Muscle, Cellular Energy Turnover, and Glucose Metabolism -- Effects of Thyroid Hormones on the Cardiovascular System -- Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Skeletal Bone Development and Maintenance -- Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Growth Hormones and Insulin-Like Growth Factors -- Conclusion -- Suggested Additional Reading -- References -- Section V : Adverse Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes (Pathophysiology and Consequences) -- Chapter 8: Neural Tube Defects -- Introduction -- Clinical Features and Epidemiology -- Environmental and Genetic Influences -- Folic Acid as a Protective Agent -- Evidence from Intervention Trials -- Primary Prevention Pitfalls and Opportunities -- Mechanism of Folic Acid Protective Effect -- Maternal Blood Folate Status and Neural Tube Defects -- Molecular and Genetic Considerations -- Other Interacting Nutrients -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Cleft Lip and Palate -- Normal Embryological Face Structure Development -- Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP) -- CLP Etiology and Associated Risk Factors -- Classification of CLP -- Diagnosis and Prevention -- Treatment and Management -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Obesity and Gestational Diabetes -- Introduction
- Balanced Energy and Protein Supplementation -- Cessation of Smoking and Environmental Interventions -- Malaria Prevention -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Section VI : Pathophysiology and Nutrition Requirements in Child Malnutrition -- Chapter 13: Acute Malnutrition -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology -- Changes in Body Composition -- Decrease in Fat Mass -- Decrease of Muscle Mass -- The Presence of Edema -- Possible Mechanisms of Edema -- Changes in Body Functions -- Physical Activity -- Sodium Pump Activity -- Protein Metabolism -- Renal Function -- Cardiac Function -- Nutritional Requirements of Children with Acute Malnutrition -- Energy Requirements -- Requirements for Maintenance -- Requirements for Growth -- Total Energy Requirements -- Protein Requirements -- Requirements for Maintenance -- Requirements for Growth -- Total Protein Requirements -- Protein Quality -- Mineral and Vitamins -- Prevention and Treatment of Acute Malnutrition -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Severe Acute Malnutrition -- Uncomplicated Forms -- Complicated Forms -- Moderate Acute Malnutrition -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Management of Acute Malnutrition in Infants under 6 Months of Age -- Introduction -- Epidemiology of a "Forgotten Problem" -- Why Malnutrition Matters for Infants under 6 Months of Age -- Short Term -- Long Term -- The Challenges of Acute Malnutrition in Infants under 6 Months of Age -- A Period of Rapid Maturation -- Unique Dietary Needs -- Many and Complex Underlying Causes -- Reduced Nutrient Intake -- Reduced Nutrient Absorption -- Increased Nutrient Loss -- Increased or Impaired Nutrient Utilization -- Assessing Infants under 6 Months of Age -- Managing Acutely Malnourished Infants under 6 Months of Age -- Inpatient Management [37] -- Outpatient Management -- Future Directions -- Conclusion -- References
- Chapter 15: Chronic Malnutrition
- Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus -- The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus -- Categorization of Maternal Obesity -- Maternal Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus -- The HAPO Study and Maternal Obesity -- The Risks and Benefits of Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Nutrition and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy -- Introduction -- Definition, Treatment, and Outcome -- Pathophysiology of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy -- Risk Factors for Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy -- Observational Studies of Dietary Patterns and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy -- Obesity -- Calcium -- Vitamin D -- Antioxidant Nutrients -- Folate -- Salt (Sodium) -- Zinc -- Magnesium -- Marine Oils -- Conclusion and Further Research -- References -- Chapter 12: Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in the Context of 1,000 Days -- Introduction -- Low Birth Weight -- Small for Gestational Age -- The Burden of Low Birth Weight -- The Burden of Small for Gestational Age -- Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight (Preterm and/or Small for Gestational Age) -- The Etiology of Infants of Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age in the Context of the First 1,000 Days -- Maternal Weight Gain during Pregnancy -- Maternal Body Mass Index -- Maternal Short Stature -- Maternal Chronic Diseases -- Maternal Communicable Diseases -- Environmental Factors -- Outcomes of Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age -- Short-Term Consequences -- Intermediate Consequences -- Linear Growth -- Neurodevelopmental -- Long-Term Consequences -- The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease -- Stunting and Human Capital -- Interventions -- The Importance of Preconception Care and Interventions -- Micronutrient Supplementation in Pregnancy