Development of Biphasic Formulations for Use in Electrowetting-Based Liquid Lenses with a High Refractive Index Difference

• Published in: ACS combinatorial science Vol. 20; no. 9; pp. 554 - 566
• Main Authors: Ober, Matthias S, Dermody, Daniel, Maillard, Mathieu, Amiot, Franck, Malet, Géraldine, Burger, Benjamin, Woelfle-Gupta, Caroline, Berge, Bruno
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 10.09.2018; ACS
• Subjects: Chemical Sciences; Electrowetting - methods; Equipment Design - instrumentation; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Lenses; Material chemistry; Oils - chemistry; Phase Transition; Refractometry; Transition Temperature; Viscosity; Water - chemistry; simultaneous optimization; electrowetting effect; liquid lenses; statistical design of experiments
• ISSN: 2156-8952; 2156-8944
• DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.8b00042

Commercial electrowetting-based liquid lenses are optical devices containing two immiscible liquids as an optical medium. The first phase is a droplet of a high refractive index oil phase placed in a ring-shaped chassis. The second phase is electrically conductive and has a similar density over a wide temperature range. Droplet curvature and refractive index difference of two liquids determine the optical strength of the lens. Liquid lenses take advantage of the electrowetting effect, which induces a change of the interface’s curvature by applying a voltage, thereby providing a variable focal that is useful in autofocus applications. The first generation of lens modules were highly reliable, but the optical strength and application scope was limited by a low refractive index difference between the oil and conductive phase. Described herein is an effort to increase the refractive index difference between both phases, while maintaining other critical application characteristics of the liquids, including a low freezing point, viscosity, phase miscibility, and turbidity after thermal shock. An important challenge was the requirement that both phases have to have matching densities and hence had to be optimized simultaneously. Using high throughput experimentation in conjunction with statistical design of experiments (DOE), we have developed a series of empirical models to predict multiple physicochemical properties of both phases and derived ideal locations within the formulation space. This approach enabled the development of reliable liquid lenses with a previously unavailable refractive index difference of Δn D of ≥0.290, which enabled true optical zooming capability.