Fluoride and nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Loess Plateau, China: Sources and related human health risks
Fluoride (F−) and nitrate (NO3−) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, previous studies have rarely reported the health risks from fluoride and nitrate in groundwater. Therefore,...
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| Published in | Environmental pollution (1987) Vol. 286; p. 117287 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Elsevier Ltd
01.10.2021
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0269-7491 1873-6424 1873-6424 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117287 |
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| Abstract | Fluoride (F−) and nitrate (NO3−) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, previous studies have rarely reported the health risks from fluoride and nitrate in groundwater. Therefore, we collected 105 groundwater samples (78 from shallow aquifers and 27 from deep aquifers) from the western district of the Loess Plateau for physicochemical and isotopic analysis to investigate the sources of F− and NO3− in groundwater and associated health risks. Fluoride concentration in 73.1% of shallow groundwater and 22.2% of deep groundwater exceeds 1.5 mg/L, while NO3− content in 76.3% of shallow groundwater and 51.9% of deep groundwater surpasses 50 mg/L. High-F- groundwater is associated with HCO3–Na, SO4–Na·Mg and Cl–Na·Mg types water. Fluorine-bearing minerals dissolution, cation exchange, calcite precipitation, evaporation, and anthropogenic activities contribute significantly F− in groundwater. Mixing with shallow groundwater is an important source of F− in deep groundwater. The NO3− content is highest in Cl type water, followed by SO4 type and HCO3 type water. NO3− mainly originates from soil organic nitrogen (SON), chemical fertilizers (CF), and manure and sewage (M&S). Nitrification is the dominant transformation process of nitrogen nutrients in groundwater. The hazard index (HI) values for shallow groundwater are 0.203–9.232 for adults, 0.253–11.522 for teenagers, 0.359–16.322 for children, and 0.507–23.043 for infants, while those for deep groundwater are 0.713–5.813 for adults, 0.890–7.254 for teenagers, 1.261–10.277 for children, and 1.780–14.508 for infants. Approximately 96.2% of shallow groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.3% to teenagers, and 89.7% to adults. All deep groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.6% to teenagers, and 74.1% to adults. This study is helpful to develop strategies for the integrated management of high fluoride or nitrate groundwater in arid areas.
[Display omitted]
•Fluoride and nitrate sources were identified by chemical and isotopic analysis.•Water-rock interaction, evaporation and anthropogenic activities control F− contents.•Major nitrate sources are soil N, chemical fertilizers, and manure and sewage.•Absence of denitrification emphasizes the importance of controlling nitrate sources.•Non-carcinogenic health risks of fluoride and nitrate increase with decreasing age.
Chemical and isotopic analysis combined with land use and a health risk assessment model to illustrate the sources of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater and the associated health risks. |
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| AbstractList | Fluoride (F-) and nitrate (NO3-) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, previous studies have rarely reported the health risks from fluoride and nitrate in groundwater. Therefore, we collected 105 groundwater samples (78 from shallow aquifers and 27 from deep aquifers) from the western district of the Loess Plateau for physicochemical and isotopic analysis to investigate the sources of F- and NO3- in groundwater and associated health risks. Fluoride concentration in 73.1% of shallow groundwater and 22.2% of deep groundwater exceeds 1.5 mg/L, while NO3- content in 76.3% of shallow groundwater and 51.9% of deep groundwater surpasses 50 mg/L. High-F- groundwater is associated with HCO3-Na, SO4-Na·Mg and Cl-Na·Mg types water. Fluorine-bearing minerals dissolution, cation exchange, calcite precipitation, evaporation, and anthropogenic activities contribute significantly F- in groundwater. Mixing with shallow groundwater is an important source of F- in deep groundwater. The NO3- content is highest in Cl type water, followed by SO4 type and HCO3 type water. NO3- mainly originates from soil organic nitrogen (SON), chemical fertilizers (CF), and manure and sewage (M&S). Nitrification is the dominant transformation process of nitrogen nutrients in groundwater. The hazard index (HI) values for shallow groundwater are 0.203-9.232 for adults, 0.253-11.522 for teenagers, 0.359-16.322 for children, and 0.507-23.043 for infants, while those for deep groundwater are 0.713-5.813 for adults, 0.890-7.254 for teenagers, 1.261-10.277 for children, and 1.780-14.508 for infants. Approximately 96.2% of shallow groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.3% to teenagers, and 89.7% to adults. All deep groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.6% to teenagers, and 74.1% to adults. This study is helpful to develop strategies for the integrated management of high fluoride or nitrate groundwater in arid areas.Fluoride (F-) and nitrate (NO3-) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, previous studies have rarely reported the health risks from fluoride and nitrate in groundwater. Therefore, we collected 105 groundwater samples (78 from shallow aquifers and 27 from deep aquifers) from the western district of the Loess Plateau for physicochemical and isotopic analysis to investigate the sources of F- and NO3- in groundwater and associated health risks. Fluoride concentration in 73.1% of shallow groundwater and 22.2% of deep groundwater exceeds 1.5 mg/L, while NO3- content in 76.3% of shallow groundwater and 51.9% of deep groundwater surpasses 50 mg/L. High-F- groundwater is associated with HCO3-Na, SO4-Na·Mg and Cl-Na·Mg types water. Fluorine-bearing minerals dissolution, cation exchange, calcite precipitation, evaporation, and anthropogenic activities contribute significantly F- in groundwater. Mixing with shallow groundwater is an important source of F- in deep groundwater. The NO3- content is highest in Cl type water, followed by SO4 type and HCO3 type water. NO3- mainly originates from soil organic nitrogen (SON), chemical fertilizers (CF), and manure and sewage (M&S). Nitrification is the dominant transformation process of nitrogen nutrients in groundwater. The hazard index (HI) values for shallow groundwater are 0.203-9.232 for adults, 0.253-11.522 for teenagers, 0.359-16.322 for children, and 0.507-23.043 for infants, while those for deep groundwater are 0.713-5.813 for adults, 0.890-7.254 for teenagers, 1.261-10.277 for children, and 1.780-14.508 for infants. Approximately 96.2% of shallow groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.3% to teenagers, and 89.7% to adults. All deep groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.6% to teenagers, and 74.1% to adults. This study is helpful to develop strategies for the integrated management of high fluoride or nitrate groundwater in arid areas. Fluoride (F−) and nitrate (NO3−) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, previous studies have rarely reported the health risks from fluoride and nitrate in groundwater. Therefore, we collected 105 groundwater samples (78 from shallow aquifers and 27 from deep aquifers) from the western district of the Loess Plateau for physicochemical and isotopic analysis to investigate the sources of F− and NO3− in groundwater and associated health risks. Fluoride concentration in 73.1% of shallow groundwater and 22.2% of deep groundwater exceeds 1.5 mg/L, while NO3− content in 76.3% of shallow groundwater and 51.9% of deep groundwater surpasses 50 mg/L. High-F- groundwater is associated with HCO3–Na, SO4–Na·Mg and Cl–Na·Mg types water. Fluorine-bearing minerals dissolution, cation exchange, calcite precipitation, evaporation, and anthropogenic activities contribute significantly F− in groundwater. Mixing with shallow groundwater is an important source of F− in deep groundwater. The NO3− content is highest in Cl type water, followed by SO4 type and HCO3 type water. NO3− mainly originates from soil organic nitrogen (SON), chemical fertilizers (CF), and manure and sewage (M&S). Nitrification is the dominant transformation process of nitrogen nutrients in groundwater. The hazard index (HI) values for shallow groundwater are 0.203–9.232 for adults, 0.253–11.522 for teenagers, 0.359–16.322 for children, and 0.507–23.043 for infants, while those for deep groundwater are 0.713–5.813 for adults, 0.890–7.254 for teenagers, 1.261–10.277 for children, and 1.780–14.508 for infants. Approximately 96.2% of shallow groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.3% to teenagers, and 89.7% to adults. All deep groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.6% to teenagers, and 74.1% to adults. This study is helpful to develop strategies for the integrated management of high fluoride or nitrate groundwater in arid areas. [Display omitted] •Fluoride and nitrate sources were identified by chemical and isotopic analysis.•Water-rock interaction, evaporation and anthropogenic activities control F− contents.•Major nitrate sources are soil N, chemical fertilizers, and manure and sewage.•Absence of denitrification emphasizes the importance of controlling nitrate sources.•Non-carcinogenic health risks of fluoride and nitrate increase with decreasing age. Chemical and isotopic analysis combined with land use and a health risk assessment model to illustrate the sources of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater and the associated health risks. Fluoride (F ) and nitrate (NO ) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, previous studies have rarely reported the health risks from fluoride and nitrate in groundwater. Therefore, we collected 105 groundwater samples (78 from shallow aquifers and 27 from deep aquifers) from the western district of the Loess Plateau for physicochemical and isotopic analysis to investigate the sources of F and NO in groundwater and associated health risks. Fluoride concentration in 73.1% of shallow groundwater and 22.2% of deep groundwater exceeds 1.5 mg/L, while NO content in 76.3% of shallow groundwater and 51.9% of deep groundwater surpasses 50 mg/L. High-F groundwater is associated with HCO -Na, SO -Na·Mg and Cl-Na·Mg types water. Fluorine-bearing minerals dissolution, cation exchange, calcite precipitation, evaporation, and anthropogenic activities contribute significantly F in groundwater. Mixing with shallow groundwater is an important source of F in deep groundwater. The NO content is highest in Cl type water, followed by SO type and HCO type water. NO mainly originates from soil organic nitrogen (SON), chemical fertilizers (CF), and manure and sewage (M&S). Nitrification is the dominant transformation process of nitrogen nutrients in groundwater. The hazard index (HI) values for shallow groundwater are 0.203-9.232 for adults, 0.253-11.522 for teenagers, 0.359-16.322 for children, and 0.507-23.043 for infants, while those for deep groundwater are 0.713-5.813 for adults, 0.890-7.254 for teenagers, 1.261-10.277 for children, and 1.780-14.508 for infants. Approximately 96.2% of shallow groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.3% to teenagers, and 89.7% to adults. All deep groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.6% to teenagers, and 74.1% to adults. This study is helpful to develop strategies for the integrated management of high fluoride or nitrate groundwater in arid areas. Fluoride (F⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, previous studies have rarely reported the health risks from fluoride and nitrate in groundwater. Therefore, we collected 105 groundwater samples (78 from shallow aquifers and 27 from deep aquifers) from the western district of the Loess Plateau for physicochemical and isotopic analysis to investigate the sources of F⁻ and NO₃⁻ in groundwater and associated health risks. Fluoride concentration in 73.1% of shallow groundwater and 22.2% of deep groundwater exceeds 1.5 mg/L, while NO₃⁻ content in 76.3% of shallow groundwater and 51.9% of deep groundwater surpasses 50 mg/L. High-F⁻ groundwater is associated with HCO₃–Na, SO₄–Na·Mg and Cl–Na·Mg types water. Fluorine-bearing minerals dissolution, cation exchange, calcite precipitation, evaporation, and anthropogenic activities contribute significantly F⁻ in groundwater. Mixing with shallow groundwater is an important source of F⁻ in deep groundwater. The NO₃⁻ content is highest in Cl type water, followed by SO₄ type and HCO₃ type water. NO₃⁻ mainly originates from soil organic nitrogen (SON), chemical fertilizers (CF), and manure and sewage (M&S). Nitrification is the dominant transformation process of nitrogen nutrients in groundwater. The hazard index (HI) values for shallow groundwater are 0.203–9.232 for adults, 0.253–11.522 for teenagers, 0.359–16.322 for children, and 0.507–23.043 for infants, while those for deep groundwater are 0.713–5.813 for adults, 0.890–7.254 for teenagers, 1.261–10.277 for children, and 1.780–14.508 for infants. Approximately 96.2% of shallow groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.3% to teenagers, and 89.7% to adults. All deep groundwater poses non-carcinogenic risks to infants and children, followed by 92.6% to teenagers, and 74.1% to adults. This study is helpful to develop strategies for the integrated management of high fluoride or nitrate groundwater in arid areas. |
| ArticleNumber | 117287 |
| Author | Li, Zhi Li, Yanrong Su, He Kang, Weidong |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: He orcidid: 0000-0001-5752-2369 surname: Su fullname: Su, He organization: Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Weidong surname: Kang fullname: Kang, Weidong organization: State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Yanrong surname: Li fullname: Li, Yanrong email: li.dennis@hotmail.com organization: Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Zhi surname: Li fullname: Li, Zhi email: lizhibox@nwafu.edu.cn organization: College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33971470$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2021-10-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 10 year: 2021 text: 2021-10-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England |
| PublicationTitle | Environmental pollution (1987) |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Environ Pollut |
| PublicationYear | 2021 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd |
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| Snippet | Fluoride (F−) and nitrate (NO3−) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the... Fluoride (F ) and nitrate (NO ) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the... Fluoride (F-) and nitrate (NO3-) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the... Fluoride (F⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) in groundwater have caused serious health problems worldwide. However, in the Chinese Loess Plateau where groundwater is the... |
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| SubjectTerms | calcite cation exchange China evaporation Fluoride fluorides groundwater groundwater contamination Health risk assessment human health isotope labeling Loess Plateau Nitrate nitrates nitrification nitrogen sewage soil organic nitrogen Source |
| Title | Fluoride and nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Loess Plateau, China: Sources and related human health risks |
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