The Development and Psychometric Testing of the Geriatric Health Promotion Scale

背景　隨著壽命延長，老化並不只是衰退、虛弱或不健康的代表，許多老人更期望能透過調整健康生活型態，來促進或維持自己的健康。目的　本研究的目的是希望建構並發展老人健康促進量表。老人健康促進量表是一個多面向的測量工具，用來評量臺灣老人的生活型態。方法　研究資料取自某大型鄉村老人健康促進之研究。參與研究者年齡都大於65歲，居住在臺灣老人人口比例最高的四個鄉鎮中。由受訓過的護理人員擔任研究助理，協助老人完成問卷填寫。結果　總共有520位65歲以上老人參與（平均年齡為75.02±6.04歲）研究。問卷原先共有33題，依序經過項目分析、相關分析和因素分析後，最後留下22題。使用因素分析和最大變異法後，6個構...

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Published in	The Journal of Nursing Research Vol. 23; no. 1; pp. 56 - 64
Main Authors	王琤(Jeng Wang), 李佳謀(Chia-Mou Lee), 張瓊芳(Chong-Fang Chang), 簡淑慧(Sui-Whi Jane), 陳美燕(Mei-Yen Chen)
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	China (Republic : 1949- ) 台灣護理學會 01.03.2015 Copyright by the Taiwan Nurses Association
Subjects	Aged Aged, 80 and over Factor Analysis, Statistical Female Health Promotion - statistics & numerical data Humans Independent Living - statistics & numerical data Life Style Male Psychometrics - instrumentation Psychometrics - methods Reproducibility of Results Self Report Surveys and Questionnaires Taiwan Taiwan 老人健康促進量表 community-dwelling older adults development and psychometric testing 社區老人量表建構與發展 geriatric health promotion scale
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ISSN	1682-3141 1948-965X 1948-965X
DOI	10.1097/jnr.0000000000000077

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Abstract	背景　隨著壽命延長，老化並不只是衰退、虛弱或不健康的代表，許多老人更期望能透過調整健康生活型態，來促進或維持自己的健康。目的　本研究的目的是希望建構並發展老人健康促進量表。老人健康促進量表是一個多面向的測量工具，用來評量臺灣老人的生活型態。方法　研究資料取自某大型鄉村老人健康促進之研究。參與研究者年齡都大於65歲，居住在臺灣老人人口比例最高的四個鄉鎮中。由受訓過的護理人員擔任研究助理，協助老人完成問卷填寫。結果　總共有520位65歲以上老人參與（平均年齡為75.02±6.04歲）研究。問卷原先共有33題，依序經過項目分析、相關分析和因素分析後，最後留下22題。使用因素分析和最大變異法後，6個構面因素為最適當模式，分別命名為健康習慣、社區參與、健康責任、健康飲食、規則運動和口腔衛生，共可解釋68%的變異數，內在一致性Cronbach's α值為.94，再測信度為.72（p＜.001）。結論／實務應用　老人健康促進量表是一個具良好信效度，且可以讓社區老人自己填答的評估工具，填答者只須花費約10分鐘即可完成，填答結果可作為瞭解或評值老人健康促進執行情形的依據。
AbstractList	背景　隨著壽命延長，老化並不只是衰退、虛弱或不健康的代表，許多老人更期望能透過調整健康生活型態，來促進或維持自己的健康。目的　本研究的目的是希望建構並發展老人健康促進量表。老人健康促進量表是一個多面向的測量工具，用來評量臺灣老人的生活型態。方法　研究資料取自某大型鄉村老人健康促進之研究。參與研究者年齡都大於65歲，居住在臺灣老人人口比例最高的四個鄉鎮中。由受訓過的護理人員擔任研究助理，協助老人完成問卷填寫。結果　總共有520位65歲以上老人參與（平均年齡為75.02±6.04歲）研究。問卷原先共有33題，依序經過項目分析、相關分析和因素分析後，最後留下22題。使用因素分析和最大變異法後，6個構面因素為最適當模式，分別命名為健康習慣、社區參與、健康責任、健康飲食、規則運動和口腔衛生，共可解釋68%的變異數，內在一致性Cronbach's α值為.94，再測信度為.72（p＜.001）。結論／實務應用　老人健康促進量表是一個具良好信效度，且可以讓社區老人自己填答的評估工具，填答者只須花費約10分鐘即可完成，填答結果可作為瞭解或評值老人健康促進執行情形的依據。 As life expectancy increases, being old is no longer synonymous with frailty, weakness, or poor health. Today, most people expect to maintain or promote their health by adopting healthy lifestyle habits.BACKGROUNDAs life expectancy increases, being old is no longer synonymous with frailty, weakness, or poor health. Today, most people expect to maintain or promote their health by adopting healthy lifestyle habits.This study developed and tested the psychometric Geriatric Health Promotion (GHP) scale. The GHP scale is a multidimensional instrument that attempts to evaluate lifestyle patterns prevalent among senior citizens in Taiwan.PURPOSEThis study developed and tested the psychometric Geriatric Health Promotion (GHP) scale. The GHP scale is a multidimensional instrument that attempts to evaluate lifestyle patterns prevalent among senior citizens in Taiwan.Data used in this study were acquired from a large health-promotion study that targeted elderly residents of rural areas in Taiwan. All subjects were aged 65 years or older and resided in the four communities with the highest mean age ratios in the nation. Trained research assistants assisted the participants to answer the research instrument questions.METHODSData used in this study were acquired from a large health-promotion study that targeted elderly residents of rural areas in Taiwan. All subjects were aged 65 years or older and resided in the four communities with the highest mean age ratios in the nation. Trained research assistants assisted the participants to answer the research instrument questions.A total of 520 participants over 65 years of age (mean = 75.02 ± 6.04) were enrolled in this study. The initial draft of the GHP scale included 33 items. After conducting the item analysis, correlation analysis, and factor analysis, the final draft of the GHP was reduced to 22 items. A six-factor solution with Varimax rotation offered the most parsimonious model, with health habits, community participation, health responsibilities, healthy diet, regular exercise, and oral health, explaining 68% of the total variance. The Cronbach's alpha for the developed model scored as high as .94, with a test-retest reliability of .72 (p < .001).RESULTSA total of 520 participants over 65 years of age (mean = 75.02 ± 6.04) were enrolled in this study. The initial draft of the GHP scale included 33 items. After conducting the item analysis, correlation analysis, and factor analysis, the final draft of the GHP was reduced to 22 items. A six-factor solution with Varimax rotation offered the most parsimonious model, with health habits, community participation, health responsibilities, healthy diet, regular exercise, and oral health, explaining 68% of the total variance. The Cronbach's alpha for the developed model scored as high as .94, with a test-retest reliability of .72 (p < .001).The GHP scale is a valid self-report instrument for community-dwelling older adults. The GHP scale is easily administered in less than 10 minutes. We recommend that healthcare providers use the GHP scale to evaluate the effectiveness of health promotion programs targeting older adults.CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICEThe GHP scale is a valid self-report instrument for community-dwelling older adults. The GHP scale is easily administered in less than 10 minutes. We recommend that healthcare providers use the GHP scale to evaluate the effectiveness of health promotion programs targeting older adults. As life expectancy increases, being old is no longer synonymous with frailty, weakness, or poor health. Today, most people expect to maintain or promote their health by adopting healthy lifestyle habits. This study developed and tested the psychometric Geriatric Health Promotion (GHP) scale. The GHP scale is a multidimensional instrument that attempts to evaluate lifestyle patterns prevalent among senior citizens in Taiwan. Data used in this study were acquired from a large health-promotion study that targeted elderly residents of rural areas in Taiwan. All subjects were aged 65 years or older and resided in the four communities with the highest mean age ratios in the nation. Trained research assistants assisted the participants to answer the research instrument questions. A total of 520 participants over 65 years of age (mean = 75.02 ± 6.04) were enrolled in this study. The initial draft of the GHP scale included 33 items. After conducting the item analysis, correlation analysis, and factor analysis, the final draft of the GHP was reduced to 22 items. A six-factor solution with Varimax rotation offered the most parsimonious model, with health habits, community participation, health responsibilities, healthy diet, regular exercise, and oral health, explaining 68% of the total variance. The Cronbach's alpha for the developed model scored as high as .94, with a test-retest reliability of .72 (p < .001). The GHP scale is a valid self-report instrument for community-dwelling older adults. The GHP scale is easily administered in less than 10 minutes. We recommend that healthcare providers use the GHP scale to evaluate the effectiveness of health promotion programs targeting older adults. BACKGROUND:As life expectancy increases, being old is no longer synonymous with frailty, weakness, or poor health. Today, most people expect to maintain or promote their health by adopting healthy lifestyle habits. PURPOSE:This study developed and tested the psychometric Geriatric Health Promotion (GHP) scale. The GHP scale is a multidimensional instrument that attempts to evaluate lifestyle patterns prevalent among senior citizens in Taiwan. METHODS:Data used in this study were acquired from a large health-promotion study that targeted elderly residents of rural areas in Taiwan. All subjects were aged 65 years or older and resided in the four communities with the highest mean age ratios in the nation. Trained research assistants assisted the participants to answer the research instrument questions. RESULTS:A total of 520 participants over 65 years of age (mean = 75.02 ± 6.04) were enrolled in this study. The initial draft of the GHP scale included 33 items. After conducting the item analysis, correlation analysis, and factor analysis, the final draft of the GHP was reduced to 22 items. A six-factor solution with Varimax rotation offered the most parsimonious model, with health habits, community participation, health responsibilities, healthy diet, regular exercise, and oral health, explaining 68% of the total variance. The Cronbach’s alpha for the developed model scored as high as .94, with a test–retest reliability of .72 (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:The GHP scale is a valid self-report instrument for community-dwelling older adults. The GHP scale is easily administered in less than 10 minutes. We recommend that healthcare providers use the GHP scale to evaluate the effectiveness of health promotion programs targeting older adults.
Author	陳美燕(Mei-Yen Chen) 簡淑慧(Sui-Whi Jane) 李佳謀(Chia-Mou Lee) 張瓊芳(Chong-Fang Chang) 王琤(Jeng Wang)
AuthorAffiliation	1PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Department of Gerontological Care and Management, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology 2MSN, RN, Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management 3PhD, RN, Associate Professor and Director, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology 4PhD, RN, Professor and Dean, College of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Department of Gerontological Care and Management, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology 2MSN, RN, Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management 3PhD, RN, Associate Professor and Director, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology 4PhD, RN, Professor and Dean, College of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology
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Snippet	背景　隨著壽命延長，老化並不只是衰退、虛弱或不健康的代表，許多老人更期望能透過調整健康生活型態，來促進或維持自己的健康。目的　本研究的目的是希望建構並發展老人健康促進量表。老人健康促進量表是一個多面向的測量工具，用來評量臺灣老人的生活型態。方法... BACKGROUND:As life expectancy increases, being old is no longer synonymous with frailty, weakness, or poor health. Today, most people expect to maintain or... As life expectancy increases, being old is no longer synonymous with frailty, weakness, or poor health. Today, most people expect to maintain or promote their...
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SubjectTerms	Aged Aged, 80 and over Factor Analysis, Statistical Female Health Promotion - statistics & numerical data Humans Independent Living - statistics & numerical data Life Style Male Psychometrics - instrumentation Psychometrics - methods Reproducibility of Results Self Report Surveys and Questionnaires Taiwan
Title	The Development and Psychometric Testing of the Geriatric Health Promotion Scale
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