Cambrian Chordates and Vetulicolians

Deuterostomes make a sudden appearance in the fossil record during the early Cambrian. Two bilaterian groups, the chordates and the vetulicolians, are of particular interest for understanding early deuterostome evolution, and the main objective of this review is to examine the Cambrian diversity of...

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Published inGeosciences (Basel) Vol. 9; no. 8; p. 354
Main Author McMenamin, Mark A. S.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.08.2019
Subjects
agnathans
all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)
Animals
Banffia
Cambrian
cephalochordates
chordates
Cones
deuterostomes
Earth science
Fish
Fossils
gut diverticula
Marine invertebrates
Metaspriggina
morphogen gradients
Myllokunmingia
myomeres
New species
Notochord
Paleontology
Polarity
Posterior sections
Radiation
Retinoic acid
segmentation clock
Shenzianyuloma
tunicates
Vertebrates
Vetulicolia
vetulicolians
China
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Abstract Deuterostomes make a sudden appearance in the fossil record during the early Cambrian. Two bilaterian groups, the chordates and the vetulicolians, are of particular interest for understanding early deuterostome evolution, and the main objective of this review is to examine the Cambrian diversity of these two deuterostome groups. The subject is of particular interest because of the link to vertebrates, and because of the enigmatic nature of vetulicolians. Lagerstätten in China and elsewhere have dramatically improved our understanding of the range of variation in these ancient animals. Cephalochordate and vertebrate body plans are well established at least by Cambrian Series 2. Taken together, roughly a dozen chordate genera and fifteen vetulicolian genera document part of the explosive radiation of deuterostomes at the base of the Cambrian. The advent of deuterostomes near the Cambrian boundary involved both a reversal of gut polarity and potentially a two-sided retinoic acid gradient, with a gradient discontinuity at the midpoint of the organism that is reflected in the sharp division of vetulicolians into anterior and posterior sections. A new vetulicolian (Shenzianyuloma yunnanense nov. gen. nov. sp.) with a laterally flattened, polygonal anterior section provides significant new data regarding vetulicolians. Its unsegmented posterior region (‘tail’) bears a notochord and a gut trace with diverticula, both surrounded by myotome cones.
AbstractList Deuterostomes make a sudden appearance in the fossil record during the early Cambrian. Two bilaterian groups, the chordates and the vetulicolians, are of particular interest for understanding early deuterostome evolution, and the main objective of this review is to examine the Cambrian diversity of these two deuterostome groups. The subject is of particular interest because of the link to vertebrates, and because of the enigmatic nature of vetulicolians. Lagerstätten in China and elsewhere have dramatically improved our understanding of the range of variation in these ancient animals. Cephalochordate and vertebrate body plans are well established at least by Cambrian Series 2. Taken together, roughly a dozen chordate genera and fifteen vetulicolian genera document part of the explosive radiation of deuterostomes at the base of the Cambrian. The advent of deuterostomes near the Cambrian boundary involved both a reversal of gut polarity and potentially a two-sided retinoic acid gradient, with a gradient discontinuity at the midpoint of the organism that is reflected in the sharp division of vetulicolians into anterior and posterior sections. A new vetulicolian (Shenzianyuloma yunnanense nov. gen. nov. sp.) with a laterally flattened, polygonal anterior section provides significant new data regarding vetulicolians. Its unsegmented posterior region (‘tail’) bears a notochord and a gut trace with diverticula, both surrounded by myotome cones.
Author McMenamin, Mark A. S.
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Snippet Deuterostomes make a sudden appearance in the fossil record during the early Cambrian. Two bilaterian groups, the chordates and the vetulicolians, are of...
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SubjectTerms agnathans
all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)
Animals
Banffia
Cambrian
cephalochordates
chordates
Cones
deuterostomes
Earth science
Fish
Fossils
gut diverticula
Marine invertebrates
Metaspriggina
morphogen gradients
Myllokunmingia
myomeres
New species
Notochord
Paleontology
Polarity
Posterior sections
Radiation
Retinoic acid
segmentation clock
Shenzianyuloma
tunicates
Vertebrates
Vetulicolia
vetulicolians
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Title Cambrian Chordates and Vetulicolians
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