Transformation of Chlorofluorocarbons Investigated via Stable Carbon Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a valuable tool in contaminant remediation studies. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are ozone-depleting substances previously thought to be persistent in groundwater under most geochemical conditions but more recently have been found to (bio)transform in some...
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Published in | Environmental science & technology Vol. 54; no. 2; pp. 870 - 878 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Language | English |
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American Chemical Society
21.01.2020
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Abstract | Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a valuable tool in contaminant remediation studies. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are ozone-depleting substances previously thought to be persistent in groundwater under most geochemical conditions but more recently have been found to (bio)transform in some laboratory experiments. To date, limited applications of CSIA to CFCs have been undertaken. Here, biotransformation-associated carbon isotope enrichment factors, εC,bulk for CFC-113 (εC,bulk = −8.5 ± 0.4‰) and CFC-11 (εC,bulk = −14.5 ± 1.9‰), were determined. δ13C signatures of pure-phase CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons were measured to establish source signatures. These findings were applied to investigate potential in situ CFC transformation in groundwater at a field site, where carbon isotope fractionation of CFC-11 suggests naturally occurring biotransformation by indigenous microorganisms. The maximum extent of CFC-11 transformation is estimated to be up to 86% by an approximate calculation using the Rayleigh concept. CFC-113 δ13C values in contrast were not resolvably different from pure-phase sources measured to date, demonstrating that CSIA can aid in identifying which compounds may, or may not, be undergoing reactive processes at field sites. Science and public attention remains focused on CFCs, as unexplained source inputs to the atmosphere have been recently reported, and the potential for CFC biotransformation in surface and groundwaters remains unclear. This study proposes δ13C CSIA as a novel application to study the fate of CFCs in groundwater. |
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AbstractList | Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a valuable tool in contaminant remediation studies. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are ozone-depleting substances previously thought to be persistent in groundwater under most geochemical conditions but more recently have been found to (bio)transform in some laboratory experiments. To date, limited applications of CSIA to CFCs have been undertaken. Here, biotransformation-associated carbon isotope enrichment factors, ε
for CFC-113 (ε
= -8.5 ± 0.4‰) and CFC-11 (ε
= -14.5 ± 1.9‰), were determined. δ
C signatures of pure-phase CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons were measured to establish source signatures. These findings were applied to investigate potential in situ CFC transformation in groundwater at a field site, where carbon isotope fractionation of CFC-11 suggests naturally occurring biotransformation by indigenous microorganisms. The maximum extent of CFC-11 transformation is estimated to be up to 86% by an approximate calculation using the Rayleigh concept. CFC-113 δ
C values in contrast were not resolvably different from pure-phase sources measured to date, demonstrating that CSIA can aid in identifying which compounds may, or may not, be undergoing reactive processes at field sites. Science and public attention remains focused on CFCs, as unexplained source inputs to the atmosphere have been recently reported, and the potential for CFC biotransformation in surface and groundwaters remains unclear. This study proposes δ
C CSIA as a novel application to study the fate of CFCs in groundwater. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a valuable tool in contaminant remediation studies. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are ozone-depleting substances previously thought to be persistent in groundwater under most geochemical conditions but more recently have been found to (bio)transform in some laboratory experiments. To date, limited applications of CSIA to CFCs have been undertaken. Here, biotransformation-associated carbon isotope enrichment factors, εC,bulk for CFC-113 (εC,bulk = −8.5 ± 0.4‰) and CFC-11 (εC,bulk = −14.5 ± 1.9‰), were determined. δ13C signatures of pure-phase CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons were measured to establish source signatures. These findings were applied to investigate potential in situ CFC transformation in groundwater at a field site, where carbon isotope fractionation of CFC-11 suggests naturally occurring biotransformation by indigenous microorganisms. The maximum extent of CFC-11 transformation is estimated to be up to 86% by an approximate calculation using the Rayleigh concept. CFC-113 δ13C values in contrast were not resolvably different from pure-phase sources measured to date, demonstrating that CSIA can aid in identifying which compounds may, or may not, be undergoing reactive processes at field sites. Science and public attention remains focused on CFCs, as unexplained source inputs to the atmosphere have been recently reported, and the potential for CFC biotransformation in surface and groundwaters remains unclear. This study proposes δ13C CSIA as a novel application to study the fate of CFCs in groundwater. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is a valuable tool in contaminant remediation studies. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are ozone-depleting substances previously thought to be persistent in groundwater under most geochemical conditions but more recently have been found to (bio)transform in some laboratory experiments. To date, limited applications of CSIA to CFCs have been undertaken. Here, biotransformation-associated carbon isotope enrichment factors, εC,bulk for CFC-113 (εC,bulk = −8.5 ± 0.4‰) and CFC-11 (εC,bulk = −14.5 ± 1.9‰), were determined. δ13C signatures of pure-phase CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons were measured to establish source signatures. These findings were applied to investigate potential in situ CFC transformation in groundwater at a field site, where carbon isotope fractionation of CFC-11 suggests naturally occurring biotransformation by indigenous microorganisms. The maximum extent of CFC-11 transformation is estimated to be up to 86% by an approximate calculation using the Rayleigh concept. CFC-113 δ13C values in contrast were not resolvably different from pure-phase sources measured to date, demonstrating that CSIA can aid in identifying which compounds may, or may not, be undergoing reactive processes at field sites. Science and public attention remains focused on CFCs, as unexplained source inputs to the atmosphere have been recently reported, and the potential for CFC biotransformation in surface and groundwaters remains unclear. This study proposes δ13C CSIA as a novel application to study the fate of CFCs in groundwater. |
Author | Phillips, Elizabeth Manna, Jesse Lutz, Edward J Lollar, Barbara Sherwood Morgan, Scott A West, Kathryn A Horst, Axel Seger, Edward Webb, Jennifer Mack, E. Erin Norcross, Scott Dworatzek, Sandra Gilevska, Tetyana |
AuthorAffiliation | Corporate Remediation Group The Chemours Company E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company Department of Earth Sciences SiREM |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company – name: The Chemours Company – name: Corporate Remediation Group – name: Department of Earth Sciences – name: SiREM |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhazmat_2021_125233 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbic_202000060 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_est_4c02173 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jhydrol_2022_128588 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jconhyd_2022_104051 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmicb_2022_958742 crossref_primary_10_5194_acp_21_6857_2021 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ibiod_2023_105691 crossref_primary_10_1039_D1JA00175B crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chemosphere_2021_129754 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_est_2c02261 |
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SubjectTerms | Biodegradation, Environmental Biotransformation Carbon Carbon compounds Carbon Isotopes Chlorofluorocarbons Contaminants Fractionation Groundwater Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Isotope fractionation Isotopes Microorganisms Organic Chemicals Ozone depletion Signatures Transformations |
Title | Transformation of Chlorofluorocarbons Investigated via Stable Carbon Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis |
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