Spatial variability of bottom types in the lower Chesapeake Bay and adjoining estuaries and inner shelf
The spatial distributions of the bed textural and morphologic properties that influence boundary-layer roughness characteristics in the lower Chesapeake Bay, the lower portions of the York, James and Elizabeth Rivers, and the adjacent inner continental shelf were systematically mapped. A high resolu...
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Published in | Estuarine, coastal and shelf science Vol. 24; no. 6; pp. 765 - 784 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
London
Elsevier Ltd
01.06.1987
Elsevier |
Subjects | |
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Abstract | The spatial distributions of the bed textural and morphologic properties that influence boundary-layer roughness characteristics in the lower Chesapeake Bay, the lower portions of the York, James and Elizabeth Rivers, and the adjacent inner continental shelf were systematically mapped. A high resolution, fully-corrected side-scan sonar mapping system (100 kHz) was used for remote acoustic detection of bottom roughness, supported by ‘ground-truthing’ by direct
in situ observations by divers. These complementary methods proved to be especially effective in detecting a wide range of roughness-controlling bed surface properties at various scales. Fine-scale variations in sediment size and associated bottom texture are considered to be the main source of heterogeneity in Nikuradse (skin friction) roughness. A wide variety of small- and intermediate-scale morphologic elements provide meso-scale and small-scale distributed (form drag) roughness. Depending upon location, the distributed roughness may be either biogenic or hydrodynamically induced (by currents and waves), although anthropogenic roughness prevails in certain instances (e.g. port areas). In terms of particular combinations of roughness scales and types, combined sonar and diver observation data allow the beds to be systematically but qualitatively classified into 10 bottom types, each of which is associated with a particular type of subenvironment. |
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AbstractList | The spatial distributions of the bed textural and morphologic properties that influence boundary-layer roughness characteristics in the lower Chesapeake Bay, the lower portions of the York, James and Elizabeth Rivers, and the adjacent inner continental shelf were systematically mapped. A high resolution, fully-corrected side-scan sonar mapping system (100 kHz) was used for remote acoustic detection of bottom roughness, supported by ‘ground-truthing’ by direct
in situ observations by divers. These complementary methods proved to be especially effective in detecting a wide range of roughness-controlling bed surface properties at various scales. Fine-scale variations in sediment size and associated bottom texture are considered to be the main source of heterogeneity in Nikuradse (skin friction) roughness. A wide variety of small- and intermediate-scale morphologic elements provide meso-scale and small-scale distributed (form drag) roughness. Depending upon location, the distributed roughness may be either biogenic or hydrodynamically induced (by currents and waves), although anthropogenic roughness prevails in certain instances (e.g. port areas). In terms of particular combinations of roughness scales and types, combined sonar and diver observation data allow the beds to be systematically but qualitatively classified into 10 bottom types, each of which is associated with a particular type of subenvironment. The spatial distributions of the bed textural and morphologic properties that influence boundary-layer roughness characteristics in the lower Chesapeake Bay, the lower portions of the York, James and Elizabeth Rivers, and the adjacent inner continental shelf were systematically mapped. A high resolution, fully-corrected side-scan sonar mapping system (100 kHz) was used for remote acoustic detection of bottom roughness, supported by "ground-truthing" by direct in situ observations by divers. These complementary methods proved to be especially effective in detecting a wide range of roughness-controlling bed surface properties at various scales. |
Author | Wright, L.D. Hobbs, C.H. Schaffner, L.C. Green, M.O. Prior, D.B. Boon, J.D. Byrne, R.J. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: L.D. surname: Wright fullname: Wright, L.D. organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, U.S.A – sequence: 2 givenname: D.B. surname: Prior fullname: Prior, D.B. organization: Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, U.S.A – sequence: 3 givenname: C.H. surname: Hobbs fullname: Hobbs, C.H. organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, U.S.A – sequence: 4 givenname: R.J. surname: Byrne fullname: Byrne, R.J. organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, U.S.A – sequence: 5 givenname: J.D. surname: Boon fullname: Boon, J.D. organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, U.S.A – sequence: 6 givenname: L.C. surname: Schaffner fullname: Schaffner, L.C. organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, U.S.A – sequence: 7 givenname: M.O. surname: Green fullname: Green, M.O. organization: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, U.S.A |
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Cites_doi | 10.1029/JC084iC04p01797 10.1007/BF00155238 10.1130/MEM133-p169 10.1016/0025-3227(81)90161-4 10.1016/0025-3227(84)90098-7 10.1007/BF02277080 10.1029/RG021i005p01181 10.1038/316339a0 10.1029/JC086iC07p06467 10.1007/BF02311694 10.1029/JC087iC01p00469 10.1029/JC082i012p01735 10.1029/JC084iC08p04816 10.2307/2937332 10.1029/JC086iC09p08067 10.1007/BF02238086 10.1029/JC087iC06p04148 10.1016/0025-3227(81)90155-9 |
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Keywords | continental shelf benthic environment Chesapeake Bay bottom topography estuaries boundary layers side-scan sonar United States Morphology Sonar America Roughness Estuaries Sonar methods Inner shelf North America Virginia Boundary layer |
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start-page: 1797 year: 1979 ident: 10.1016/0272-7714(87)90151-X_BIB7 article-title: Combined wave and current interaction with a rough bottom publication-title: Journal of Geophysical Research doi: 10.1029/JC084iC04p01797 contributor: fullname: Grant – volume: 21 start-page: 178 year: 1970 ident: 10.1016/0272-7714(87)90151-X_BIB13 article-title: Sand waves and tidal channels in the entrace to Chesapeake Bay publication-title: Virginia Journal of Science contributor: fullname: Ludwick – volume: 65 start-page: 959 year: 1984 ident: 10.1016/0272-7714(87)90151-X_BIB28 article-title: Variability of storm wave groupiness in the nearshore zone publication-title: EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysics Unit contributor: fullname: Shi – volume: 5 start-page: 285 year: 1973 ident: 10.1016/0272-7714(87)90151-X_BIB35 article-title: Drag due to regular arrays of roughness elements of varying geometry publication-title: Boundary Layer Meteorology doi: 10.1007/BF00155238 contributor: fullname: 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publication-title: Marine Geology doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(81)90161-4 contributor: fullname: Nowell – start-page: 189 year: 1983 ident: 10.1016/0272-7714(87)90151-X_BIB31 article-title: The bottom boundary layer of shelf seas contributor: fullname: Soulsby – year: 1982 ident: 10.1016/0272-7714(87)90151-X_BIB3 article-title: Sediment studies to determine distribution and sedimentation patterns, and budget in the Chesapeake Bay publication-title: Final Report to EPA contributor: fullname: Byrne – start-page: 211 year: 1983 ident: 10.1016/0272-7714(87)90151-X_BIB23 article-title: Acoustic classification of the seabed contributor: fullname: Pace – volume: 59 start-page: 283 year: 1984 ident: 10.1016/0272-7714(87)90151-X_BIB25 article-title: Turbulence measurements over a sand wave in lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, U.S.A. publication-title: Marine Geology doi: 10.1016/0025-3227(84)90098-7 contributor: fullname: Perillo – start-page: 245 year: 1977 ident: 10.1016/0272-7714(87)90151-X_BIB2 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SubjectTerms | benthic environment bottom topography boundary layers Brackish Chesapeake Bay continental shelf Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space estuaries Exact sciences and technology Marine Marine geology side-scan sonar |
Title | Spatial variability of bottom types in the lower Chesapeake Bay and adjoining estuaries and inner shelf |
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