Metal anomalies in zircon as a record of granite-hosted mineralization

Granite-hosted magmatic-hydrothermal mineral deposits are major sources of Cu, Mo, Sn, Li, and W, originating via mineralizing fluids exsolved from volatile-saturated magmas. We show how trace elements in zircon sampled from the granite-hosted Zaaiplaats tin deposit, Bushveld Complex, preserve a rec...

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Published inChemical geology Vol. 585; p. 120580
Main Authors Gardiner, Nicholas J., Hawkesworth, Chris J., Robb, Laurence J., Mulder, Jacob A., Wainwright, Ashlea N., Cawood, Peter A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 20.12.2021
Subjects
Bushveld complex
Granite hosted mineralization
Hydrothermal fluids
Porphyry pegmatite deposits
Tin tungsten lithium Sn W Li critical metals
Zircon trace elements
Tin tungsten lithium Sn W Li critical metals
Bushveld complex
Hydrothermal fluids
Granite hosted mineralization
Porphyry pegmatite deposits
Zircon trace elements
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Abstract Granite-hosted magmatic-hydrothermal mineral deposits are major sources of Cu, Mo, Sn, Li, and W, originating via mineralizing fluids exsolved from volatile-saturated magmas. We show how trace elements in zircon sampled from the granite-hosted Zaaiplaats tin deposit, Bushveld Complex, preserve a record of both the enrichment of incompatible metals during magma fractionation and those arising from magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization processes. The Zaaiplaats granites are subdivided into three groups; mineralized, altered, and unmineralized. Zircon trace element contents define two trends in a plot of Sn against Gd: Sn/Gd ratios in zircons from the unmineralized samples, as well as the majority of altered samples, define a magma fractionation trend with increasing Y at constant Sn/Gd, whereas those from the mineralized samples are displaced to high Sn/Gd ratios at similar Y. Elevated Sn in the Zaaiplaats zircons is attributed to the introduction of a Sn-rich mineralizing fluid during zircon growth, which occurred at an advanced stage of crystallization (>85%) of the host magma. This model is consistent with the preservation of whole-rock Sn zonation in the Zaaiplaats granites modelled by closed-system magma differentiation and the ensuing exsolution of an acidic, saline Sn-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluid (Groves and McCarthy, 1978). A metal anomaly, Sn/Sn*, is defined which describes the deviation of Sn over that expected through magma fractionation alone (Sn*), and arises from Sn mobilization due to magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization processes. Identification of metal anomalies such as Sn/Sn* and Cu/Cu* in mineral archives or at the whole-rock level, provides an empirical link to the onset of mineralization processes in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, and can be coupled with geochemical proxies to yield a better understanding of the conditions leading up to, and subsequent to, volatile saturation.
AbstractList Granite-hosted magmatic-hydrothermal mineral deposits are major sources of Cu, Mo, Sn, Li, and W, originating via mineralizing fluids exsolved from volatile-saturated magmas. We show how trace elements in zircon sampled from the granite-hosted Zaaiplaats tin deposit, Bushveld Complex, preserve a record of both the enrichment of incompatible metals during magma fractionation and those arising from magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization processes. The Zaaiplaats granites are subdivided into three groups; mineralized, altered, and unmineralized. Zircon trace element contents define two trends in a plot of Sn against Gd: Sn/Gd ratios in zircons from the unmineralized samples, as well as the majority of altered samples, define a magma fractionation trend with increasing Y at constant Sn/Gd, whereas those from the mineralized samples are displaced to high Sn/Gd ratios at similar Y. Elevated Sn in the Zaaiplaats zircons is attributed to the introduction of a Sn-rich mineralizing fluid during zircon growth, which occurred at an advanced stage of crystallization (>85%) of the host magma. This model is consistent with the preservation of whole-rock Sn zonation in the Zaaiplaats granites modelled by closed-system magma differentiation and the ensuing exsolution of an acidic, saline Sn-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluid (Groves and McCarthy, 1978). A metal anomaly, Sn/Sn*, is defined which describes the deviation of Sn over that expected through magma fractionation alone (Sn*), and arises from Sn mobilization due to magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization processes. Identification of metal anomalies such as Sn/Sn* and Cu/Cu* in mineral archives or at the whole-rock level, provides an empirical link to the onset of mineralization processes in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, and can be coupled with geochemical proxies to yield a better understanding of the conditions leading up to, and subsequent to, volatile saturation.
ArticleNumber 120580
Author Gardiner, Nicholas J.
Mulder, Jacob A.
Cawood, Peter A.
Hawkesworth, Chris J.
Wainwright, Ashlea N.
Robb, Laurence J.
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Keywords Tin tungsten lithium Sn W Li critical metals
Bushveld complex
Hydrothermal fluids
Granite hosted mineralization
Porphyry pegmatite deposits
Zircon trace elements
Language English
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Snippet Granite-hosted magmatic-hydrothermal mineral deposits are major sources of Cu, Mo, Sn, Li, and W, originating via mineralizing fluids exsolved from...
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SubjectTerms Bushveld complex
Granite hosted mineralization
Hydrothermal fluids
Porphyry pegmatite deposits
Tin tungsten lithium Sn W Li critical metals
Zircon trace elements
Title Metal anomalies in zircon as a record of granite-hosted mineralization
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120580
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