Hexabromocyclododecane: Current Understanding of Chemistry, Environmental Fate and Toxicology and Implications for Global Management
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated unde...
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| Published in | Environmental science & technology Vol. 45; no. 20; pp. 8613 - 8623 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Washington, DC
American Chemical Society
15.10.2011
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information. |
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| AbstractList | Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information.Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and has been the subject of intensified research, monitoring and regulatory interest over the past decade. HBCD is currently being evaluated under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. HBCD is hydrophobic (i.e., has low water solubility) and thus partitions to organic phases in the aquatic environment (e.g., lipids, suspended solids). It is ubiquitous in the global environment with monitoring data generally exhibiting the expected relationship between proximity to known sources and levels; however, temporal trends are not consistent. Estimated degradation half-lives, together with data in abiotic compartments and long-range transport potential indicate HBCD may be sufficiently persistent and distributed to be of global concern. The detection of HBCD in biota in the Arctic and in source regions and available bioaccumulation data also support the case for regulatory scrutiny. Toxicity testing has detected reproductive, developmental and behavioral effects in animals where exposures are sufficient. Recent toxicological advances include a better mechanistic understanding of how HBCD can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, affect normal development, and impact the central nervous system; however, levels in biota in remote locations are below known effects thresholds. For many regulatory criteria, there are substantial uncertainties that reduce confidence in evaluations and thereby confound management decision-making based on currently available information. |
| Author | Covaci, Adrian Armitage, James M Tomy, Gregg T Marvin, Christopher H Palace, Vince Arnot, Jon A McCarty, Lynn |
| AuthorAffiliation | Aarhus University Hospital University of Antwerp University of Toronto Scarborough Environment Canada University of Manitoba Fisheries & Oceans Canada LS McCarty Scientific Research and Consulting |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Environment Canada – name: Aarhus University Hospital – name: Fisheries & Oceans Canada – name: University of Manitoba – name: University of Antwerp – name: LS McCarty Scientific Research and Consulting – name: University of Toronto Scarborough |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Christopher H surname: Marvin fullname: Marvin, Christopher H email: chris.marvin@ec.gc.ca, gregg.tomy@dfo-mpo.gc.ca – sequence: 2 givenname: Gregg T surname: Tomy fullname: Tomy, Gregg T email: chris.marvin@ec.gc.ca, gregg.tomy@dfo-mpo.gc.ca – sequence: 3 givenname: James M surname: Armitage fullname: Armitage, James M – sequence: 4 givenname: Jon A surname: Arnot fullname: Arnot, Jon A – sequence: 5 givenname: Lynn surname: McCarty fullname: McCarty, Lynn – sequence: 6 givenname: Adrian surname: Covaci fullname: Covaci, Adrian – sequence: 7 givenname: Vince surname: Palace fullname: Palace, Vince |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24613069$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21913722$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CODEN | ESTHAG |
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| Keywords | Pollutant behavior Toxicity Flame retardant Organic bromine compounds Endocrine disruptor Review Time variation Hexabromocyclododecane Persistent organic pollutant Persistence Carcinogen Pollution Toxicology Health and environment Environment impact Long range pollutant transport Environment Biological accumulation Physicochemical properties Public health Organic compounds Concentration distribution |
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| Snippet | Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a globally produced brominated flame retardant (BFR) used primarily as an additive FR in polystyrene and textile products and... |
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| SubjectTerms | Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Applied ecology Applied sciences Biological and medical sciences Decision making Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics Environment. Living conditions Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants - chemistry Environmental Pollutants - metabolism Environmental Pollutants - toxicity Exact sciences and technology Fishes - metabolism Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Global environmental pollution Hydrocarbons, Brominated - chemistry Hydrocarbons, Brominated - metabolism Hydrocarbons, Brominated - toxicity Medical sciences Pollutants Pollution Pollution, environment geology Polystyrene Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Toxicity Toxicology |
| Title | Hexabromocyclododecane: Current Understanding of Chemistry, Environmental Fate and Toxicology and Implications for Global Management |
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