Studying Drug Release through Polymeric Controlled Release Formulations in United States Pharmacopoeia 2 Apparatus Using Multiphysics Simulation and Experiments
In vitro dissolution of oral drug formulations is often studied using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) apparatus. Although a well-stirred vessel or a perfect sink assumption is often employed in the modeling of in vitro dissolution in USP apparatus, such a limit is usually not realized in actua...
Saved in:
Published in | Molecular pharmaceutics Vol. 18; no. 7; pp. 2600 - 2611 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
United States
American Chemical Society
05.07.2021
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | In vitro dissolution of oral drug formulations is often studied using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) apparatus. Although a well-stirred vessel or a perfect sink assumption is often employed in the modeling of in vitro dissolution in USP apparatus, such a limit is usually not realized in actual experimental conditions. The interplay of hydrodynamics in the vessel and the swelling and erosion of dosage forms often results in substantial deviations from the dissolution behavior obtained under perfect sink approximation. We develop a multiphysics model of drug release from controlled release tablets of polymeric excipients with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Simulations are performed in COMSOL for the USP 2 (paddle) apparatus and the effects of stirring speed, drug loading, erosion rate, and polymer swelling and erosion are analyzed in detail. We demonstrate that the drug release phenomena can be conveniently interpreted using the Weibull equation to fit the simulation results. This is further confirmed using drug release experiments performed on mechanically compressed tablets of naproxen sodium as the API with poly-methyl-methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid as the excipient. We show that the API-to-polymer ratio may be varied to obtain different regimes of controlled release. |
---|---|
AbstractList | In vitro dissolution of oral drug formulations is often studied using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) apparatus. Although a well-stirred vessel or a perfect sink assumption is often employed in the modeling of in vitro dissolution in USP apparatus, such a limit is usually not realized in actual experimental conditions. The interplay of hydrodynamics in the vessel and the swelling and erosion of dosage forms often results in substantial deviations from the dissolution behavior obtained under perfect sink approximation. We develop a multiphysics model of drug release from controlled release tablets of polymeric excipients with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Simulations are performed in COMSOL for the USP 2 (paddle) apparatus and the effects of stirring speed, drug loading, erosion rate, and polymer swelling and erosion are analyzed in detail. We demonstrate that the drug release phenomena can be conveniently interpreted using the Weibull equation to fit the simulation results. This is further confirmed using drug release experiments performed on mechanically compressed tablets of naproxen sodium as the API with poly-methyl-methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid as the excipient. We show that the API-to-polymer ratio may be varied to obtain different regimes of controlled release. |
Author | Ranjan, Alok Jha, Prateek K |
AuthorAffiliation | Department of Chemical Engineering |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Department of Chemical Engineering |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Alok surname: Ranjan fullname: Ranjan, Alok – sequence: 2 givenname: Prateek K orcidid: 0000-0001-9844-2875 surname: Jha fullname: Jha, Prateek K email: prateek.jha@ch.iitr.ac.in |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34056905$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
BookMark | eNqNkdtuEzEQhi1URE-8AjJ33CT4sN7dXFahLUhFVKS5Xg3e2cSV1158kMjb8Kh1lDQSd1zNSPPN_8_ovyRnzjsk5CNnc84E_ww6zkdvpy2EETTmNOeaMdbWb8gFV5WctXIhzk59W52TyxifGROVEvIdOZcVU_WCqQvyd5VyvzNuQ7-EvKE_0SJEpGkbfN5s6aO3uxGD0XTpXQreWuxP0J0PY7aQjHeRGkfXzqQyXiVIGOnj4To_eTRABb2ZJgiQcqTruPf7nm0y03YXjY50ZV6VKLie3v6ZiumILsVr8nYAG_H9sV6R9d3t0_Lr7OHH_bflzcMMZC3TTGhRNy2IRdMrEGxohISeaQTEqrwNSuAgW44tg7oadFs32Paa1z1rNLKayyvy6aA7Bf87Y0zdaKJGa8Ghz7ETSirOFBOyoIsDqoOPMeDQTeVYCLuOs24fUFcC6v4JqDsGVHY_HG3yrxH70-ZrIgVQB2Cv8exzcOXr_xB-AYcrqsE |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_polym16010144 crossref_primary_10_3390_ph17020177 crossref_primary_10_4155_tde_2022_0034 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12247_021_09565_2 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_analchem_3c00665 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_xphs_2022_10_027 |
Cites_doi | 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030129 10.1002/jps.2600501018 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.060 10.1208/s12249-013-9960-2 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.08.016 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.05.004 10.3109/03639048909052539 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.038 10.1002/jps.21512 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.054 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.10.019 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.064 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.044 10.1007/s13346-019-00696-1 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.08.003 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01373.x 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.03.033 10.1007/s11095-006-9093-3 10.1021/mp500563n 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.023 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.11.008 10.1208/s12249-016-0535-x 10.1211/jpp.57.10.0002 10.1016/j.physa.2018.12.029 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00596-8 10.1002/jps.2600561005 10.1211/0022357021778529 10.2174/1567201813666160808102106 10.1016/S0378-5173(97)00164-6 10.1208/pt050231 10.1208/pt040107 10.1016/S0939-6411(99)00082-X 10.1111/bph.13776 10.1208/aapsj070483 10.1021/js9600538 10.1081/PDT-120027415 10.1016/0378-5173(83)90064-9 10.1208/pt040222 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00362-9 10.1115/1.4010337 10.1021/ie503939w 10.1007/s11095-007-9477-z 10.1081/DDC-120016731 10.2174/156720112801323053 10.1002/jps.24472 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.04.016 10.1021/js960307p 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.09.022 10.1002/jps.20818 10.1007/s11095-008-9822-x 10.1002/jps.24299 10.1007/s11095-017-2129-z 10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00130-7 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01523.x 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.04.018 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.049 10.1016/0168-3659(87)90035-6 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | 2021 American Chemical
Society |
Copyright_xml | – notice: 2021 American Chemical Society |
DBID | CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM AAYXX CITATION 7X8 |
DOI | 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00086 |
DatabaseName | Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic |
DatabaseTitle | MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic |
DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE |
Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology |
EISSN | 1543-8392 |
EndPage | 2611 |
ExternalDocumentID | 10_1021_acs_molpharmaceut_1c00086 34056905 a156236226 |
Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article |
GeographicLocations | United States |
GeographicLocations_xml | – name: United States |
GroupedDBID | - 123 4.4 53G 55A 5VS 7~N AABXI ABFRP ABMVS ABUCX ACGFS ACS AEESW AENEX AFEFF AHGAQ ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AQSVZ CS3 DU5 EBS ED ED~ F5P GGK GNL H~9 IH9 JG JG~ P2P RNS ROL UI2 VF5 VG9 W1F X --- -~X ABJNI ABQRX ADHLV BAANH CGR CUPRZ CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM AAYXX CITATION 7X8 |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-a363t-2c2678a297d5a20f723ad0ceaee4024a52ef381e80a64fc867e8dc16d07ce0613 |
IEDL.DBID | ACS |
ISSN | 1543-8384 |
IngestDate | Fri Aug 16 08:37:57 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 23 01:51:33 EDT 2024 Sat Sep 28 08:23:28 EDT 2024 Mon Jul 12 10:14:20 EDT 2021 |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Issue | 7 |
Keywords | erosion controlled release diffusion Weibull equation swelling USP 2 apparatus |
Language | English |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-a363t-2c2678a297d5a20f723ad0ceaee4024a52ef381e80a64fc867e8dc16d07ce0613 |
Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
ORCID | 0000-0001-9844-2875 |
PMID | 34056905 |
PQID | 2535105023 |
PQPubID | 23479 |
PageCount | 12 |
ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_2535105023 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_molpharmaceut_1c00086 pubmed_primary_34056905 acs_journals_10_1021_acs_molpharmaceut_1c00086 |
ProviderPackageCode | JG~ 55A AABXI GNL VF5 7~N VG9 GGK W1F ABFRP ACS AEESW AFEFF ABMVS ABUCX IH9 AQSVZ ED~ UI2 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 20210705 2021-07-05 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2021-07-05 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 07 year: 2021 text: 20210705 day: 05 |
PublicationDecade | 2020 |
PublicationPlace | United States |
PublicationPlace_xml | – name: United States |
PublicationTitle | Molecular pharmaceutics |
PublicationTitleAlternate | Mol. Pharmaceutics |
PublicationYear | 2021 |
Publisher | American Chemical Society |
Publisher_xml | – name: American Chemical Society |
References | ref9/cit9 ref45/cit45 ref3/cit3 ref27/cit27 ref16/cit16 ref23/cit23 ref8/cit8 ref31/cit31 ref59/cit59 ref2/cit2 ref34/cit34 ref37/cit37 ref20/cit20 ref48/cit48 ref60/cit60 ref17/cit17 ref10/cit10 ref35/cit35 ref19/cit19 ref21/cit21 ref42/cit42 ref46/cit46 ref49/cit49 ref13/cit13 ref24/cit24 ref38/cit38 ref50/cit50 ref54/cit54 ref6/cit6 ref36/cit36 ref18/cit18 ref11/cit11 ref25/cit25 ref29/cit29 Fujita H. (ref52/cit52) 1961 ref32/cit32 ref39/cit39 ref14/cit14 ref57/cit57 ref5/cit5 ref51/cit51 ref43/cit43 ref28/cit28 ref40/cit40 Geankoplis C. J. (ref56/cit56) 2009 ref26/cit26 ref55/cit55 Wilcox D. C. (ref53/cit53) 2006 ref12/cit12 ref15/cit15 ref41/cit41 ref58/cit58 ref22/cit22 ref33/cit33 ref4/cit4 ref30/cit30 ref47/cit47 ref1/cit1 ref44/cit44 ref7/cit7 |
References_xml | – ident: ref1/cit1 doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030129 – ident: ref47/cit47 doi: 10.1002/jps.2600501018 – ident: ref50/cit50 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.060 – ident: ref10/cit10 doi: 10.1208/s12249-013-9960-2 – ident: ref35/cit35 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.08.016 – ident: ref33/cit33 doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.05.004 – ident: ref59/cit59 doi: 10.3109/03639048909052539 – ident: ref42/cit42 doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.038 – ident: ref30/cit30 doi: 10.1002/jps.21512 – ident: ref36/cit36 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.054 – ident: ref60/cit60 doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.10.019 – ident: ref38/cit38 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.064 – ident: ref49/cit49 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.044 – ident: ref55/cit55 doi: 10.1007/s13346-019-00696-1 – ident: ref17/cit17 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.08.003 – ident: ref34/cit34 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01373.x – ident: ref26/cit26 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.03.033 – ident: ref48/cit48 doi: 10.1007/s11095-006-9093-3 – ident: ref31/cit31 doi: 10.1021/mp500563n – ident: ref37/cit37 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.023 – ident: ref54/cit54 doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.11.008 – ident: ref18/cit18 doi: 10.1208/s12249-016-0535-x – ident: ref51/cit51 doi: 10.1211/jpp.57.10.0002 – ident: ref58/cit58 doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2018.12.029 – ident: ref20/cit20 doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00596-8 – ident: ref11/cit11 doi: 10.1002/jps.2600561005 – ident: ref16/cit16 doi: 10.1211/0022357021778529 – ident: ref39/cit39 doi: 10.2174/1567201813666160808102106 – ident: ref41/cit41 doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(97)00164-6 – ident: ref24/cit24 doi: 10.1208/pt050231 – ident: ref7/cit7 doi: 10.1208/pt040107 – ident: ref44/cit44 doi: 10.1016/S0939-6411(99)00082-X – ident: ref40/cit40 doi: 10.1111/bph.13776 – ident: ref29/cit29 doi: 10.1208/aapsj070483 – ident: ref43/cit43 doi: 10.1021/js9600538 – ident: ref19/cit19 doi: 10.1081/PDT-120027415 – ident: ref46/cit46 doi: 10.1016/0378-5173(83)90064-9 – ident: ref23/cit23 doi: 10.1208/pt040222 – ident: ref32/cit32 doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00362-9 – ident: ref57/cit57 doi: 10.1115/1.4010337 – start-page: 1 volume-title: Fortschritte Der Hochpolymeren-Forschung year: 1961 ident: ref52/cit52 contributor: fullname: Fujita H. – ident: ref14/cit14 doi: 10.1021/ie503939w – ident: ref28/cit28 doi: 10.1007/s11095-007-9477-z – volume-title: Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles year: 2009 ident: ref56/cit56 contributor: fullname: Geankoplis C. J. – ident: ref15/cit15 doi: 10.1081/DDC-120016731 – ident: ref2/cit2 doi: 10.2174/156720112801323053 – ident: ref13/cit13 doi: 10.1002/jps.24472 – ident: ref5/cit5 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.04.016 – ident: ref21/cit21 doi: 10.1021/js960307p – ident: ref27/cit27 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.09.022 – ident: ref25/cit25 doi: 10.1002/jps.20818 – ident: ref8/cit8 doi: 10.1007/s11095-008-9822-x – ident: ref3/cit3 doi: 10.1002/jps.24299 – ident: ref12/cit12 doi: 10.1007/s11095-017-2129-z – ident: ref4/cit4 doi: 10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00130-7 – ident: ref9/cit9 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01523.x – volume-title: Turbulence Modeling for CFD year: 2006 ident: ref53/cit53 contributor: fullname: Wilcox D. C. – ident: ref6/cit6 doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.04.018 – ident: ref22/cit22 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.049 – ident: ref45/cit45 doi: 10.1016/0168-3659(87)90035-6 |
SSID | ssj0024523 |
Score | 2.4099908 |
Snippet | In vitro dissolution of oral drug formulations is often studied using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) apparatus. Although a well-stirred vessel or a... |
SourceID | proquest crossref pubmed acs |
SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database Publisher |
StartPage | 2600 |
SubjectTerms | Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - chemistry Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - metabolism Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Computer Simulation Delayed-Action Preparations Drug Liberation Excipients - chemistry Humans Hydrodynamics Naproxen - chemistry Naproxen - metabolism Tablets - chemistry Tablets - metabolism United States |
Title | Studying Drug Release through Polymeric Controlled Release Formulations in United States Pharmacopoeia 2 Apparatus Using Multiphysics Simulation and Experiments |
URI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00086 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34056905 https://search.proquest.com/docview/2535105023 |
Volume | 18 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlZ1La9tAEICHNoXSS98P98UESk6RK80-LB2LGxMKLaZxIDexWu0G01QKWevg_pr-1O5qZZu0lDZXsRpJ7AzzaecF8I6M5pLpImGmLhJeVTbxEMsTspmsMmmlVCGi-_mLPD7ln87E2a6O-_cIPmXvlXbj720oPB2OeMeZ7kn8NtyhkEkYeGh6smuwJ_qZbh4NWJKznN-F_X-KCq5Ju-uu6S-82fud2QNYbKp3YrrJt3G3qsb6x5_NHG_ySQ_h_sCh-CEqziO4ZZrHcDCPa9eHuNjVZblDPMD5rsX1-gn8DOmHoUAKP1515_jV-y7vDXEY-oPz9mLdR4JwGjPhL0y9XTTzlDzMDHO4bDBSL0bq3T7nsjVLhYSekkNz8s5hn9yAfcFwPI5xeLLcSELV1Hi0nVbgnsLp7GgxPU6GWQ-JYpKtEtLk3aaiYlILRamdEFN1qo0yxv_hciXIWA8XJk-V5FbncmLyWmeyTifaBCZ5BntN25gXgDarSIk6M1xzzlKrCk6myJnOU5uLohqBV1VXDrbqyj4MT1kZLl7blXLYlRHQRi_Ky9gD5H9u2t9oUOktNoRhVGPazpUkWKBaD0sjeB5VayuWeX6WRSpe3vQdX8E9Ctk24eBZvIa91VVn3nhcWlVve_P4BcFrGJs |
link.rule.ids | 315,786,790,2782,27109,27957,27958,57093,57143 |
linkProvider | American Chemical Society |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnZ1La9wwEICHNoW2l6bvbtPHBEpO8cbWy_axbLJs2yQszQYCPRhZlsuSxA7R-rD9Nf2plWSvlwRKH1cjj2U0Yj5pXgAfiFZMUJUGVBdpwPK8DCzEsoCUkcgjUQohnUf36FhMTtnnM37WRVW6XBg7CWMlGe_EX1cXiPbcs8va5Z92N73DSHkgvwv3eGzP5Q6LRifrOnvct3azhECDhCbsPmz_UZSzUMrctFC_wU5vfsab8K2fuI86OR82i3yoftyq6fh_f_YYHnVUih9bNXoCd3T1FHam7djlLs7WWVpmF3dwui54vXwGP10wokuXwv3r5jt-tZbM2kbsWgDhtL5Yer8Qjtq4-Atd9IPGlpm7DmIG5xW2DIwtA_ffuar1XCJBy8yuVHlj0Ic6oE8fbi9nDJ7MV5JQVgUe9L0LzHM4HR_MRpOg6_wQSCroIiCKWCMqSRoXXJKwjAmVRai01Nqed5nkRJcWNXQSSsFKlYhYJ4WKRBHGSjtCeQEbVV3pV4BllBPJi0gzxRgNS5kyotOEqiQsE57mA3CLknU712TeKU-izD28sSpZtyoDICv1yK7aiiB_89L2SpEyu3-dU0ZWum5MRjh1jGvRaQAvWw3rxVJL0yIN-et_neN7eDCZHR1mh5-Ov2zBQ-LicNyVNH8DG4vrRr-1ILXI3_kd8wsJ6iEG |
linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnZ1bb9MwFIAtGNLEy7hDYcCZhPa0dIlvTR6nbtW4TRXbpL1Zji-oYkuquXkov4afiu2kqTYJDXi1HMeRfXS-nCtCH7BRlBNVJMToIqFlaRMPsTTBNuNlxi3nMnh0v57w43P66YJddAa3kAvjN-H8Si468YNUz7XtKgxk-2H8qg45qJ21d5ipCOX30QMWGnkHNBqfrmvtsdjezVMCSXKS0020c-dSQUspd1NL_QE9owqaPEKi33yMPPkxbBblUP28Vdfx_7_uMdrq6BQO2uv0BN0z1VO0O23nLvfgbJ2t5fZgF6brwtfLZ-hXCEoMaVNweN18h29eo3kdCV0rIJjWl8voH4JxGx9_aXQ_aeLZuesk5mBWQcvC0LJw_555bWYSMHh2DiXLGwcx5AFiGnFrpHFwOlutBLLScNT3MHDP0fnk6Gx8nHQdIBJJOFkkWGGvTCUuRppJnNoRJlKnykhj_H8vlQwb65HD5Knk1Kqcj0yuVcZ1OlImkMoLtFHVlXmFwGYllkxnhipKSWplQbEpcqLy1OasKAcoHIzoJNiJ6JzHmQiDN05FdKcyQHh1RcS8rQzyNw_trC6T8HIcnDOyMnXjBGYksK5HqAF62d6yflniqZoXKXv9r3t8jzanhxPx5ePJ5zfoIQ7hOMEyzbbRxuK6MW89Ty3Kd1FofgPtrSOA |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studying+Drug+Release+through+Polymeric+Controlled+Release+Formulations+in+United+States+Pharmacopoeia+2+Apparatus+Using+Multiphysics+Simulation+and+Experiments&rft.jtitle=Molecular+pharmaceutics&rft.au=Ranjan%2C+Alok&rft.au=Jha%2C+Prateek+K&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft.eissn=1543-8392&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=2600&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Facs.molpharmaceut.1c00086&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34056905&rft.externalDocID=34056905 |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1543-8384&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1543-8384&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1543-8384&client=summon |