Ancient Sea Level as Key to the Future
Studies of ancient sea levels provide insights into the mechanisms and rates of sea level changes due to tectonic processes (e.g., ocean crust production) and climatic variations (e.g., insolation due to Earth’s orbital changes and atmospheric CO₂). Global mean sea level (GMSL) changes since the Mid...
Saved in:
Published in | Oceanography (Washington, D.C.) Vol. 33; no. 2; pp. 32 - 41 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Rockville
Oceanography Society
01.06.2020
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | Studies of ancient sea levels provide insights into the mechanisms and rates of sea level changes due to tectonic processes (e.g., ocean crust production) and climatic variations (e.g., insolation due to Earth’s orbital changes and atmospheric CO₂). Global mean sea level (GMSL) changes since the Middle Eocene (ca. 48 million years ago [Ma]) have been primarily driven by ice volume changes paced on astronomical timescales (2400, 1200, 95/125, 41, and 19/23 thousand years [kyr]), modulated by changes in atmospheric CO₂. During peak warm intervals (e.g., Early Eocene Climatic Optimum 56–48 Ma and the early Late Cretaceous ca. 100–80 Ma), atmospheric CO₂ was high and Earth was more than 5°C warmer and mostly ice-free, contributing ~66 m of GMSL rise from ice alone. However, even in the warmest times (e.g., Early Eocene, ca 50 Ma), growth and decay of small ice sheets (25 m sea level equivalent) likely drove sea level changes that inundated continents and controlled the record of shallow-water deposits. Ice sheets were confined to the interior of Antarctica prior to the Oligocene and first reached the Antarctic coast at 34 Ma, with the lowest sea levels –20±10 m relative to modern GMSL. Following a near ice-free Miocene Climatic Optimum (17–13.8 Ma), a permanent East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) developed in the Middle Miocene (ca. 13.8 Ma). During the Pliocene (4–3 Ma), CO₂ was similar to 2020 CE (Common Era) and sea levels stood ~22±10 m above present, requiring significant loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet (~7 m of sea level), West Antarctic Ice Sheet (~5 m after isostatic compensation), and vulnerable portions of the EAIS. The small Northern Hemisphere ice sheets of the Eocene to Pliocene expanded into continental scale in the Quaternary (past 2.55 million years). Sea level reached its lowest point (~130 m below present) during the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 27–20 thousand years before 1950 [ka]), episodically rose during the deglaciation (ca. 20–11 ka) at rates that at times were in excess of 47 mm yr–1 (vs. modern rates of 3.2 mm yr–1), and progressively slowed during the Early to Middle Holocene from ca. 11 ka until ~4 ka. During the Late Holocene (last 4.2 kyr, including the CE), GMSL only exhibited multi-centennial variability of ±0.1 m. The modern episode of GMSL rise began in the late nineteenth century, with most of the twentieth century rise attributable to global warming and ice melt. Under moderate emissions scenarios, GMSL is likely to rise 0.4–1.0 m in this century, with ancient analogs suggesting a longer term (centennial to millennial scale) equilibrium rise of ~10 m. Under higher emissions scenarios, twenty-first century GMSL will rise greater than 2 m, and in the long term, tens of meters cannot be excluded. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Studies of ancient sea levels provide insights into the mechanisms and rates of sea level changes due to tectonic processes (e.g., ocean crust production) and climatic variations (e.g., insolation due to Earth's orbital changes and atmospheric CO2). Global mean sea level (GMSL) changes since the Middle Eocene (ca. 48 million years ago [Ma]) have been primarily driven by ice volume changes paced on astronomical timescales (2400, 1200, 95/125, 41, and 19/23 thousand years [kyr]), modulated by changes in atmospheric CO2. During peak warm intervals (e.g., Early Eocene Climatic Optimum 56–48 Ma and the early Late Cretaceous ca. 100–80 Ma), atmospheric CO2 was high and Earth was more than 5°C warmer and mostly ice-free, contributing ~66 m of GMSL rise from ice alone. However, even in the warmest times (e.g., Early Eocene, ca 50 Ma), growth and decay of small ice sheets (<25 m sea level equivalent) likely drove sea level changes that inundated continents and controlled the record of shallow-water deposits. Ice sheets were confined to the interior of Antarctica prior to the Oligocene and first reached the Antarctic coast at 34 Ma, with the lowest sea levels –20±10 m relative to modern GMSL. Following a near ice-free Miocene Climatic Optimum (17–13.8 Ma), a permanent East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) developed in the Middle Miocene (ca. 13.8 Ma). During the Pliocene (4–3 Ma), CO2 was similar to 2020 CE (Common Era) and sea levels stood ~22±10 m above present, requiring significant loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet (~7 m of sea level), West Antarctic Ice Sheet (~5 m after isostatic compensation), and vulnerable portions of the EAIS. The small Northern Hemisphere ice sheets of the Eocene to Pliocene expanded into continental scale in the Quaternary (past 2.55 million years). Sea level reached its lowest point (~130 m below present) during the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 27–20 thousand years before 1950 [ka]), episodically rose during the deglaciation (ca. 20–11 ka) at rates that at times were in excess of 47 mm yr–1 (vs. modern rates of 3.2 mm yr–1), and progressively slowed during the Early to Middle Holocene from ca. 11 ka until ~4 ka. During the Late Holocene (last 4.2 kyr, including the CE), GMSL only exhibited multi-centennial variability of ±0.1 m. The modern episode of GMSL rise began in the late nineteenth century, with most of the twentieth century rise attributable to global warming and ice melt. Under moderate emissions scenarios, GMSL is likely to rise 0.4–1.0 m in this century, with ancient analogs suggesting a longer term (centennial to millennial scale) equilibrium rise of ~10 m. Under higher emissions scenarios, twenty-first century GMSL will rise greater than 2 m, and in the long term, tens of meters cannot be excluded. Studies of ancient sea levels provide insights into the mechanisms and rates of sea level changes due to tectonic processes (e.g., ocean crust production) and climatic variations (e.g., insolation due to Earth’s orbital changes and atmospheric CO₂). Global mean sea level (GMSL) changes since the Middle Eocene (ca. 48 million years ago [Ma]) have been primarily driven by ice volume changes paced on astronomical timescales (2400, 1200, 95/125, 41, and 19/23 thousand years [kyr]), modulated by changes in atmospheric CO₂. During peak warm intervals (e.g., Early Eocene Climatic Optimum 56–48 Ma and the early Late Cretaceous ca. 100–80 Ma), atmospheric CO₂ was high and Earth was more than 5°C warmer and mostly ice-free, contributing ~66 m of GMSL rise from ice alone. However, even in the warmest times (e.g., Early Eocene, ca 50 Ma), growth and decay of small ice sheets (25 m sea level equivalent) likely drove sea level changes that inundated continents and controlled the record of shallow-water deposits. Ice sheets were confined to the interior of Antarctica prior to the Oligocene and first reached the Antarctic coast at 34 Ma, with the lowest sea levels –20±10 m relative to modern GMSL. Following a near ice-free Miocene Climatic Optimum (17–13.8 Ma), a permanent East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) developed in the Middle Miocene (ca. 13.8 Ma). During the Pliocene (4–3 Ma), CO₂ was similar to 2020 CE (Common Era) and sea levels stood ~22±10 m above present, requiring significant loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet (~7 m of sea level), West Antarctic Ice Sheet (~5 m after isostatic compensation), and vulnerable portions of the EAIS. The small Northern Hemisphere ice sheets of the Eocene to Pliocene expanded into continental scale in the Quaternary (past 2.55 million years). Sea level reached its lowest point (~130 m below present) during the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 27–20 thousand years before 1950 [ka]), episodically rose during the deglaciation (ca. 20–11 ka) at rates that at times were in excess of 47 mm yr–1 (vs. modern rates of 3.2 mm yr–1), and progressively slowed during the Early to Middle Holocene from ca. 11 ka until ~4 ka. During the Late Holocene (last 4.2 kyr, including the CE), GMSL only exhibited multi-centennial variability of ±0.1 m. The modern episode of GMSL rise began in the late nineteenth century, with most of the twentieth century rise attributable to global warming and ice melt. Under moderate emissions scenarios, GMSL is likely to rise 0.4–1.0 m in this century, with ancient analogs suggesting a longer term (centennial to millennial scale) equilibrium rise of ~10 m. Under higher emissions scenarios, twenty-first century GMSL will rise greater than 2 m, and in the long term, tens of meters cannot be excluded. |
Author | Browning, James V. Miller, Kenneth G. Schmelz, W. John Mountain, Gregory S. Wright, James D. Kopp, Robert E. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kenneth G. surname: Miller fullname: Miller, Kenneth G. – sequence: 2 givenname: W. John surname: Schmelz fullname: Schmelz, W. John – sequence: 3 givenname: James V. surname: Browning fullname: Browning, James V. – sequence: 4 givenname: Robert E. surname: Kopp fullname: Kopp, Robert E. – sequence: 5 givenname: Gregory S. surname: Mountain fullname: Mountain, Gregory S. – sequence: 6 givenname: James D. surname: Wright fullname: Wright, James D. |
BookMark | eNo9j89LwzAUx4NMcKsevHkRBp5bX16Spj2O4VQoeFDBW0jTVFZmMpNO8L83o8PTg-_7_uCzIDPnnSXkhkIhSgn33ljt_GeBgFAg8jMyRyZlXlL5MSNzChzzCqW4IIsYBwAh03dOrlfObK0bl69WLxv7Y3eX5LzXu2ivTjcj75uHt_VT3rw8Pq9XTa6ZqMa81doyLGka6W1LBfCuNR1jnHVta5LOUYJOOoW6QtYZLUXJwEje0xprYBm5m3r3wX8fbBzV4A_BpUmFXFS1FDKVZwQmlwk-xmB7tQ_bLx1-FQV1BFcncHUEVwk8RW6nyBBHH_79WNaJmEn2BwvkVSM |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_epsl_2023_118312 crossref_primary_10_1002_gj_4679 crossref_primary_10_1111_brv_13050 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chemgeo_2022_121183 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seares_2023_102390 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jseaes_2023_106003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_palaeo_2023_111513 crossref_primary_10_1029_2020GL090521 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_margeo_2024_107254 crossref_primary_10_3389_feart_2021_678189 crossref_primary_10_1080_08120099_2023_2139756 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10040_023_02716_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_geomorph_2022_108262 crossref_primary_10_1088_1755_1315_1271_1_012005 crossref_primary_10_1111_zsc_12563 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40562_021_00184_w crossref_primary_10_1134_S0016793222070088 crossref_primary_10_3390_geosciences13110351 crossref_primary_10_1002_dep2_264 |
Cites_doi | 10.1029/2007PA001483 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.04.004 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1346 10.1038/ncomms14845 10.1080/01490419.2010.491031 10.1038/nature11300 10.1029/2011JC007255 10.1038/s41467-019-13792-0 10.1038/nature10902 10.1007/s10712-019-09525-z 10.1038/ngeo2616 10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.015 10.1073/pnas.1517056113 10.1016/j.margeo.2005.02.007 10.1073/pnas.1817205116 10.1029/2006PA001340 10.1038/nature04668 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.054 10.1073/pnas.1411762111 10.1029/2019PA003835 10.1029/90JB02015 10.2110/pec.83.06.0041 10.1126/science.235.4793.1156 10.1038/nclimate2923 10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018 10.1002/2015PA002847 10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.002033 10.1002/2014PA002653 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.10.012 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00393-6 10.1126/science.aaa4019 10.1038/nature25026 10.1126/science.287.5451.269 10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025826 10.1126/sciadv.aat8223 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102901 10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8 10.1088/1748-9326/aaac87 10.22498/pages.27.1.4 10.1073/pnas.1616007114 10.1130/GES01241.1 10.1130/G32869.1 10.1144/TMS002.21 10.1029/GM032p0455 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.09.003 10.5670/oceanog.2020.208 10.1130/G19800.1 10.1126/science.289.5486.1897 10.1130/G20580.1 10.1073/pnas.0802501105 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.11.022 10.1016/0012-821X(83)90162-0 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.030 10.1002/2014EF000239 10.1130/GSAT01802A.1 10.1038/342637a0 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.010 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104445 10.5194/gmd-13-3571-2020 10.1029/2010PA002055 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | Copyright Oceanography Society Jun 2020 |
Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright Oceanography Society Jun 2020 |
CorporateAuthor | Rutgers University |
CorporateAuthor_xml | – name: Rutgers University |
DBID | AAYXX CITATION 7TN F1W |
DOI | 10.5670/oceanog.2020.224 |
DatabaseName | CrossRef Oceanic Abstracts ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts |
DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Oceanic Abstracts ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts |
DatabaseTitleList | Oceanic Abstracts |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Oceanography |
EISSN | 2377-617X |
EndPage | 41 |
ExternalDocumentID | 10_5670_oceanog_2020_224 26937737 |
GroupedDBID | -~X 123 2WC 6TJ ABBHK ABDBF ABXSQ ADBBV ADULT AENEX AEUPB AIFVT AIRJO ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BBORY BCNDV EBD EBS EJD EQZMY FRP GROUPED_DOAJ IZHOT JAAYA JENOY JKQEH JLEZI JLXEF JPL JSODD JST OK1 P2P RNS SA0 SWMRO ~02 AAYXX ADACV AEKFB CITATION 7TN F1W |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-a358t-baae3261237feb1504dbcd3343dbbc6124270a150109823dca75630c74f192903 |
ISSN | 1042-8275 |
IngestDate | Fri Sep 13 03:13:36 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 23 04:51:54 EDT 2024 Fri Feb 02 07:54:34 EST 2024 |
IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
IsOpenAccess | true |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Issue | 2 |
Language | English |
LinkModel | OpenURL |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-a358t-baae3261237feb1504dbcd3343dbbc6124270a150109823dca75630c74f192903 |
OpenAccessLink | https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/33-2_miller.pdf |
PQID | 2458975712 |
PQPubID | 2049004 |
PageCount | 10 |
ParticipantIDs | proquest_journals_2458975712 crossref_primary_10_5670_oceanog_2020_224 jstor_primary_26937737 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 20200601 2020-06-01 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-06-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 6 year: 2020 text: 20200601 day: 1 |
PublicationDecade | 2020 |
PublicationPlace | Rockville |
PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Rockville |
PublicationTitle | Oceanography (Washington, D.C.) |
PublicationYear | 2020 |
Publisher | Oceanography Society |
Publisher_xml | – name: Oceanography Society |
References | ref13 ref57 ref12 ref56 ref15 ref59 ref14 ref58 ref53 ref52 ref11 ref55 ref10 ref54 ref17 ref19 ref18 ref51 ref50 ref46 ref45 ref48 ref47 ref42 ref41 ref44 ref43 ref49 Fairbanks (ref16) 1989 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 ref40 ref35 ref34 ref37 ref36 ref31 ref30 ref33 ref32 ref0 ref2 ref1 ref39 ref38 ref24 ref68 ref23 ref67 ref26 ref25 ref20 ref64 ref63 ref22 ref66 ref21 ref65 ref28 ref27 ref29 ref60 ref62 ref61 |
References_xml | – ident: ref63 doi: 10.1029/2007PA001483 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.04.004 – ident: ref44 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1346 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14845 – ident: ref46 doi: 10.1080/01490419.2010.491031 – ident: ref51 doi: 10.1038/nature11300 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1029/2011JC007255 – ident: ref61 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13792-0 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1038/nature10902 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1007/s10712-019-09525-z – ident: ref37 doi: 10.1038/ngeo2616 – ident: ref48 doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359 – ident: ref67 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.015 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1517056113 – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2005.02.007 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1817205116 – ident: ref62 doi: 10.1029/2006PA001340 – ident: ref60 doi: 10.1038/nature04668 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.054 – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1411762111 – ident: ref40 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1029/2019PA003835 – ident: ref39 doi: 10.1029/90JB02015 – ident: ref47 – ident: ref50 doi: 10.2110/pec.83.06.0041 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1126/science.235.4793.1156 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1038/nclimate2923 – ident: ref66 doi: 10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018 – ident: ref0 doi: 10.1002/2015PA002847 – ident: ref54 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.002033 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1002/2014PA002653 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.10.012 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00393-6 – ident: ref64 – ident: ref3 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1126/science.aaa4019 – ident: ref7 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1038/nature25026 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1126/science.287.5451.269 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025826 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat8223 – ident: ref29 – ident: ref53 doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102901 – ident: ref45 doi: 10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8 – ident: ref52 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aaac87 – ident: ref43 doi: 10.22498/pages.27.1.4 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1616007114 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1130/GES01241.1 – ident: ref42 doi: 10.1130/G32869.1 – ident: ref19 – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1144/TMS002.21 – ident: ref65 doi: 10.1029/GM032p0455 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.09.003 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2020.208 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1130/G19800.1 – ident: ref59 doi: 10.1126/science.289.5486.1897 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1130/G20580.1 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0802501105 – ident: ref55 doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.11.022 – ident: ref58 doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(83)90162-0 – ident: ref57 doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.030 – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1002/2014EF000239 – ident: ref68 doi: 10.1130/GSAT01802A.1 – issue: 0 year: 1989 ident: ref16 article-title: . A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature 342:637-642 publication-title: https doi: 10.1038/342637a0 contributor: fullname: Fairbanks – ident: ref49 doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.010 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104445 – ident: ref56 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.5194/gmd-13-3571-2020 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1029/2010PA002055 |
SSID | ssj0057377 |
Score | 2.4138043 |
Snippet | Studies of ancient sea levels provide insights into the mechanisms and rates of sea level changes due to tectonic processes (e.g., ocean crust production) and... |
SourceID | proquest crossref jstor |
SourceType | Aggregation Database Publisher |
StartPage | 32 |
SubjectTerms | Analogs Carbon dioxide Climate change Cretaceous Deglaciation Emissions Eocene Glaciation Holocene Ice Ice melting Ice sheets Ice volume Mean sea level Meltwater Miocene Oceanic crust Oligocene Pliocene Polar environments Quaternary Sea level Sea level changes Shallow water SPECIAL ISSUE ON PALEOCEANOGRAPHY: LESSONS FOR A CHANGING WORLD |
Subtitle | as Key to the Future |
Title | Ancient Sea Level |
URI | https://www.jstor.org/stable/26937737 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2458975712/abstract/ |
Volume | 33 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3dT9swELcYvEyTpo0NrRtDfkBIaEpI_VEnj4CoEBQqba3WPVm244oHllYje9lfv_NHk5QhxHiJqmtVO3eX893lfncI7StiGCk5SwpObMJEPkhypmmiNFH9MqOK-2bVV9eD8ym7mPFZiz3x6JJap-bPg7iS50gVaCBXh5L9D8k2fwoE-AzyhStIGK5PkvFx5eGM8MCrLyNX_eOmxlzaxqEcNg1DVv7n2FhVxS7VzrlsZikF45Oepp3UQIsTjOiddhDXN3Pz09765PP3tXJeH9bHOSm-Aretor1cLJdtMXeEQMSEA8nawqgQnnY3GktLOwbUwX1yEqahpNbTCBUeijjrWt3Q_iJqF-mY0JDuvG_Z-UC4UshFWDx1-0pJQF-vN9G-HsvhdDSSk7PZ5AXaIqLgEJNvnZyMv_5YHdFcUD-Ss9lseH_t1ji6v8KavxJKVv85tr0vMnmDXscgAh8HjXiLNmy1jV51WfYOHUTlwKAc2CsHVncYlAPXCwzKgYNyvEfT4dnk9DyJQzESRXleJ1opS13fNyrmcM7yjJXalJQyWmptgM6IyBTQ-1mRE1oaJVwLOCPYHJz5IqM7aLNaVPYDwkYYzq0RfYeiNabUwr2FKwzJcqFFqXvocHXrchl6n0iIGR2bZGSTdGySwKYe2vG8aX5IBuD4Ap97aHfFLBkfnTtJGM8LwWHlj49__Qm9bFVwF23Wv37bz-AF1novynTPZ1H-AnQVWi8 |
link.rule.ids | 315,786,790,870,27957,27958 |
linkProvider | American Geosciences Institute |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+Sea+Level+as+Key+to+the+Future&rft.jtitle=Oceanography+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29&rft.au=Miller%2C+Kenneth+G&rft.au=Schmelz%2C+W+John&rft.au=Browning%2C+James+V&rft.au=Kopp%2C+Robert+E&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft.pub=Oceanography+Society&rft.issn=1042-8275&rft.eissn=2377-617X&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=32&rft_id=info:doi/10.5670%2Foceanog.2020.224&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1042-8275&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1042-8275&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1042-8275&client=summon |