Clay resources in the Netherlands
Clay is a common lithology in the Dutch shallow subsurface. It is used in earth constructions such as dikes, and as raw material for the fabrication of bricks, roof tiles etc. We present a new national assessment of Dutch clay resources, as part of a project that provides mineral-occurrence informat...
Saved in:
Published in | Geologie en mijnbouw Vol. 86; no. 2; pp. 117 - 130 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Cambridge, UK
Cambridge University Press
01.07.2007
|
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | Clay is a common lithology in the Dutch shallow subsurface. It is used in earth constructions such as dikes, and as raw material for the fabrication of bricks, roof tiles etc. We present a new national assessment of Dutch clay resources, as part of a project that provides mineral-occurrence information for land-use planning purposes. The assessment is based on a 3D geological model, which consists of voxel cells with lithological composition as primary attribute, and has been obtained by interpolating data of more than 380,000 digital borehole descriptions. The occurrence of shell material and the extent to which clay is peaty were used as quality attributes, enabling us to tentatively distinguish between clay that is potentially suitable as ceramic material, and clay that is not. As clay is extracted using dry (i.e. non-dredging) techniques, the model space has been dimensioned to fully encompass the unsaturated zone. A high-resolution model (with voxel cells of 250 · 250 · 0.2 m), based mainly on abundant, good-quality hand drillings, was constructed down to 3 m below the surface. This depth range suffices for clay-resource assessments in the lowlands, which have relatively high groundwater levels. Cells from a lower-resolution model (250 · 250 · 1 m, based on fewer data) were added to reach appropriate depths in upland areas. We arrive at about 42.1 km3 of clay occurring in the model space (land areas only). Clay occurs mainly in the coastal domain and below the Rhine and Meuse river plains. Geological exploitability has been assessed within the unsaturated zone, taking overburden and intercalations with non-clay materials (especially peat) into account. The resulting exploitable stock is 12.3 to 18.0 (± 2.0) km3; an estimate in which the main source of uncertainty is presented by a lack of proper groundwater-table data. This amount equates to roughly 6000 annual consumption equivalents. Even when considering that the larger part of the clays is unsuitable for firing, and about one quarter is situated below built-up lands or nature preserves, clay is not a scarce resource in the Netherlands and supplies should present no problem in the near future. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Clay is a common lithology in the Dutch shallow subsurface. It is used in earth constructions such as dikes, and as raw material for the fabrication of bricks, roof tiles etc. We present a new national assessment of Dutch clay resources, as part of a project that provides mineral-occurrence information for land-use planning purposes. The assessment is based on a 3D geological model, which consists of voxel cells with lithological composition as primary attribute, and has been obtained by interpolating data of more than 380,000 digital borehole descriptions. The occurrence of shell material and the extent to which clay is peaty were used as quality attributes, enabling us to tentatively distinguish between clay that is potentially suitable as ceramic material, and clay that is not.
As clay is extracted using dry (i.e. non-dredging) techniques, the model space has been dimensioned to fully encompass the unsaturated zone. A high-resolution model (with voxel cells of 250 · 250 · 0.2 m), based mainly on abundant, good-quality hand drillings, was constructed down to 3 m below the surface. This depth range suffices for clay-resource assessments in the lowlands, which have relatively high groundwater levels. Cells from a lower-resolution model (250 · 250 · 1 m, based on fewer data) were added to reach appropriate depths in upland areas.
We arrive at about 42.1 km
3
of clay occurring in the model space (land areas only). Clay occurs mainly in the coastal domain and below the Rhine and Meuse river plains. Geological exploitability has been assessed within the unsaturated zone, taking overburden and intercalations with non-clay materials (especially peat) into account. The resulting exploitable stock is 12.3 to 18.0 (± 2.0) km
3
; an estimate in which the main source of uncertainty is presented by a lack of proper groundwater-table data. This amount equates to roughly 6000 annual consumption equivalents. Even when considering that the larger part of the clays is unsuitable for firing, and about one quarter is situated below built-up lands or nature preserves, clay is not a scarce resource in the Netherlands and supplies should present no problem in the near future. Clay is a common lithology in the Dutch shallow subsurface. It is used in earth constructions such as dikes, and as raw material for the fabrication of bricks, roof tiles etc. We present a new national assessment of Dutch clay resources, as part of a project that provides mineral-occurrence information for land-use planning purposes. The assessment is based on a 3D geological model, which consists of voxel cells with lithological composition as primary attribute, and has been obtained by interpolating data of more than 380,000 digital borehole descriptions. The occurrence of shell material and the extent to which clay is peaty were used as quality attributes, enabling us to tentatively distinguish between clay that is potentially suitable as ceramic material, and clay that is not. As clay is extracted using dry (i.e. non-dredging) techniques, the model space has been dimensioned to fully encompass the unsaturated zone. A high-resolution model (with voxel cells of 250 · 250 · 0.2 m), based mainly on abundant, good-quality hand drillings, was constructed down to 3 m below the surface. This depth range suffices for clay-resource assessments in the lowlands, which have relatively high groundwater levels. Cells from a lower-resolution model (250 · 250 · 1 m, based on fewer data) were added to reach appropriate depths in upland areas. We arrive at about 42.1 km3 of clay occurring in the model space (land areas only). Clay occurs mainly in the coastal domain and below the Rhine and Meuse river plains. Geological exploitability has been assessed within the unsaturated zone, taking overburden and intercalations with non-clay materials (especially peat) into account. The resulting exploitable stock is 12.3 to 18.0 (± 2.0) km3; an estimate in which the main source of uncertainty is presented by a lack of proper groundwater-table data. This amount equates to roughly 6000 annual consumption equivalents. Even when considering that the larger part of the clays is unsuitable for firing, and about one quarter is situated below built-up lands or nature preserves, clay is not a scarce resource in the Netherlands and supplies should present no problem in the near future. |
Author | Gruijters, S.H.L.L. Maljers, D. van der Meulen, M.J. van Gessel, S.F. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: M.J. surname: van der Meulen fullname: van der Meulen, M.J. email: michiel.vandermeulen@tno.nl organization: TNO Built Environment and Geosciences - Geological Survey of the Netherlands, PO Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: D. surname: Maljers fullname: Maljers, D. organization: TNO Built Environment and Geosciences - Geological Survey of the Netherlands, PO Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands – sequence: 3 givenname: S.F. surname: van Gessel fullname: van Gessel, S.F. organization: TNO Built Environment and Geosciences - Geological Survey of the Netherlands, PO Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands – sequence: 4 givenname: S.H.L.L. surname: Gruijters fullname: Gruijters, S.H.L.L. organization: TNO Built Environment and Geosciences - Geological Survey of the Netherlands, PO Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands |
BookMark | eNp9j8tOwzAQRS1UJNLCB7ALHxCYiePYXqIIKFIFC0BiF038gFRpguyy6N_jiO6Q2Mws7pyrOUu2GKfRMXaJcI2A8uYFAGspqxoASo7l-wnLUEheaAlqwbI5Lub8jC1j3KYrzoXI2FUz0CEPLk7fwbiY92O-_3T5k0szDDTaeM5OPQ3RXRz3ir3d370262Lz_PDY3G4KSkX7QithalJOeV16UJVADnUlwZExWhtbIRJa6yUZQjBcoefUaSs7CShExVcMf3tNmGIMzrdfod9ROLQI7ezY_nFMDD8ytOtCbz9cu00iY_rzH-oHkERT2g |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apradiso_2024_111400 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0016774600000184 crossref_primary_10_3390_geosciences11120507 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10064_021_02538_2 crossref_primary_10_1029_2022JF007031 crossref_primary_10_1017_S001677460000086X crossref_primary_10_3390_resources10060063 crossref_primary_10_1017_njg_2020_8 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0016774600000597 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jconhyd_2011_04_001 crossref_primary_10_1017_njg_2014_46 |
Cites_doi | 10.1017/S0016774600020102 10.1017/S0016774600021193 10.1065/jss2006.06.165 10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.250.01.20 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | Copyright © Stichting Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2007 |
Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright © Stichting Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2007 |
DBID | AAYXX CITATION |
DOI | 10.1017/S001677460002312X |
DatabaseName | CrossRef |
DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Geology Engineering |
EISSN | 1573-9708 |
EndPage | 130 |
ExternalDocumentID | 10_1017_S001677460002312X |
GroupedDBID | -~X .86 09C 09E 0U7 29H 5GY 5VS 8FE 8FH 8S1 AAAZR AABES AABWE AACJH AAEED AAGFV AAIAL AAKTX AANRG AARAB AASVR AAUKB ABBXD ABCQX ABGDZ ABKKG ABMWE ABPPZ ABQTM ABROB ABTEG ABZCX ACBMC ACCHT ACGFO ACGFS ACIMK ACQFJ ACREK ACUIJ ACUYZ ACWGA ACZBM ACZUX ACZWT ADDNB ADFEC ADGEJ ADINQ ADKIL ADKPE ADOCW ADOVH ADQRH ADVJH AEBAK AEHGV AENGE AEYYC AFFNX AFFUJ AFKQG AFKRA AFLOS AFLVW AFRAH AGABE AGJUD AGOOT AHBYD AHQXX AHRGI AHSBF AI. AIGNW AIHIV AIOIP AISIE AJCYY AJPFC AJQAS ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALWZO AMKLP AQJOH ATUCA AUXHV BBLKV BENPR BGNMA BHPHI BKSAR BLZWO BMAJL CAG CBIIA CCPQU CCQAD CFAFE CJCSC COF CS3 CSCUP DL5 DOHLZ EBS EJD GROUPED_DOAJ HCIFZ HF~ HG- HG6 HZ~ I.6 I09 IHE IKXGN IOEEP IPYYG IS6 JHPGK JQKCU KCGVB KDC KFECR L7B LAK LK5 M4Y M7R NIKVX NU0 OK1 OVD P2P PCBAR RAMDC RCA RNI ROL RPX RSV RZC RZE S6- S6U SAAAG SDH SEV SJN T9M TN5 TSK U2A UT1 VC2 VH1 WFFJZ WK8 ZYDXJ ~02 0R~ AAYXX ABVZP CITATION |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-a355t-985c6a8e8f92f08451306470eacc99cd411a1ddf7aca10c381f3ab9d7b7015543 |
IEDL.DBID | IKXGN |
ISSN | 0016-7746 |
IngestDate | Fri Dec 06 03:09:25 EST 2024 Wed Mar 13 05:35:56 EDT 2024 |
IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
IsOpenAccess | true |
IsPeerReviewed | false |
IsScholarly | false |
Issue | 2 |
Keywords | building materials Netherlands resource assessment structural-ceramics industry construction materials clay earth constructions |
Language | English |
License | https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-a355t-985c6a8e8f92f08451306470eacc99cd411a1ddf7aca10c381f3ab9d7b7015543 |
OpenAccessLink | https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/ED1758598DEADF40489B96757BB3D583/S001677460002312Xa.pdf/div-class-title-clay-resources-in-the-netherlands-div.pdf |
PageCount | 14 |
ParticipantIDs | crossref_primary_10_1017_S001677460002312X cambridge_journals_10_1017_S001677460002312X |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 2007-07-01 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2007-07-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 07 year: 2007 text: 2007-07-01 day: 01 |
PublicationDecade | 2000 |
PublicationPlace | Cambridge, UK |
PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Cambridge, UK |
PublicationTitle | Geologie en mijnbouw |
PublicationTitleAlternate | Netherlands Journal of Geosciences |
PublicationYear | 2007 |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Publisher_xml | – name: Cambridge University Press |
References | S001677460002312X_ref010 Anonymous (S001677460002312X_ref003) 2001 Van der Meulen (S001677460002312X_ref015) 2005 S001677460002312X_ref014 Van der Zvian (S001677460002312X_ref020) 1990 Van Wijck (S001677460002312X_ref021) 1997; 18 Kooijman (S001677460002312X_ref007) 2003 S001677460002312X_ref011 Helmer (S001677460002312X_ref006) 1992 Anonymous (S001677460002312X_ref002) 1990 Peersmann (S001677460002312X_ref008) 2005 Weerts (S001677460002312X_ref022) 2004 Anonymous (S001677460002312X_ref001) 1989 Sigmond (S001677460002312X_ref009) 2001 Van der Meulen (S001677460002312X_ref013) 2003 Van der Meulen (S001677460002312X_ref012) 2003; 13 Van der Meulen (S001677460002312X_ref018) S001677460002312X_ref017 De Mulder (S001677460002312X_ref005) 2003 S001677460002312X_ref016 Anonymous (S001677460002312X_ref004) 2004 S001677460002312X_ref019 |
References_xml | – ident: S001677460002312X_ref011 – ident: S001677460002312X_ref010 – start-page: 200 volume-title: Geo-Informatieprogramma 2005 (Geo-Information program 2005, in Dutch) year: 2005 ident: S001677460002312X_ref008 contributor: fullname: Peersmann – start-page: 50 volume-title: Ministry of Spatial Planning year: 2004 ident: S001677460002312X_ref004 contributor: fullname: Anonymous – volume: 18 start-page: 14 year: 1997 ident: S001677460002312X_ref021 article-title: Grofkeramische kleien in Nederland publication-title: Klei, Glas, Keramiek contributor: fullname: Van Wijck – start-page: 34 volume-title: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London, UK), European Federation of Geologists (Brussels, B), Geological Society of London year: 2001 ident: S001677460002312X_ref003 contributor: fullname: Anonymous – volume: 13 start-page: 19 year: 2003 ident: S001677460002312X_ref012 article-title: Construction raw materials policy and supply practices in Northwestern Europe publication-title: Industrial Minerals - Resources, Characteristics and Applications. Aardkundige Mededelingen contributor: fullname: Van der Meulen – start-page: 28 volume-title: Levende Rivieren (in Dutch) year: 1992 ident: S001677460002312X_ref006 contributor: fullname: Helmer – ident: S001677460002312X_ref014 doi: 10.1017/S0016774600020102 – start-page: 379 volume-title: De ondergrond van Nederland year: 2003 ident: S001677460002312X_ref005 contributor: fullname: De Mulder – volume-title: TNO Built Environment and Geosciences year: 2004 ident: S001677460002312X_ref022 contributor: fullname: Weerts – ident: S001677460002312X_ref017 doi: 10.1017/S0016774600021193 – ident: S001677460002312X_ref019 doi: 10.1065/jss2006.06.165 – start-page: 96 volume-title: Road and Hydraulic Institute (Delft, NL) and TN0 Built Environment and Geosciences year: 2003 ident: S001677460002312X_ref013 contributor: fullname: Van der Meulen – start-page: 42 volume-title: Haalbaarheidsstudie Authentieke Registratie DINO - Eindrapportage (in Dutch) year: 2003 ident: S001677460002312X_ref007 contributor: fullname: Kooijman – start-page: 36 volume-title: Inventarisatie van kleivoorkomens in Nederland geschikt voor de grof-keramische industrie en de dijkbouw year: 1990 ident: S001677460002312X_ref020 contributor: fullname: Van der Zvian – ident: S001677460002312X_ref016 doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.250.01.20 – start-page: 24 volume-title: Ruimte voor Rijntakken: inventarisatie kleivoorkomens year: 2001 ident: S001677460002312X_ref009 contributor: fullname: Sigmond – start-page: 30 volume-title: De bouwgrondstoffentoets doorgrond year: 2005 ident: S001677460002312X_ref015 contributor: fullname: Van der Meulen – start-page: 24 volume-title: NEN 5104:1989, Geotechnics; Classification of unconsolidated soil samples year: 1989 ident: S001677460002312X_ref001 contributor: fullname: Anonymous – start-page: 1 volume-title: NEN 5104:1989/C1, Geotechnics; Classification of unconsolidated soil samples (amendment) year: 1990 ident: S001677460002312X_ref002 contributor: fullname: Anonymous – start-page: 313 volume-title: The Geology of the Netherlands ident: S001677460002312X_ref018 contributor: fullname: Van der Meulen |
SSID | ssj0003355 |
Score | 1.5313312 |
Snippet | Clay is a common lithology in the Dutch shallow subsurface. It is used in earth constructions such as dikes, and as raw material for the fabrication of bricks,... |
SourceID | crossref cambridge |
SourceType | Aggregation Database Publisher |
StartPage | 117 |
Title | Clay resources in the Netherlands |
URI | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S001677460002312X/type/journal_article |
Volume | 86 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3PS8MwFH7MDUEPolNx_qKCJ7Gs-dnmKOI2FXdy0FtJ0wQGUsc2D_vvTdp0FMWD9_DSvoS8Ly_vfR_ALcfUOBLC0AZ3e0ExuQiFSahTc2dCY6Z5JQf0NuWTGX1JWdqBtOmFcWWVW46D6iW_0kdb1PSnw3lR19DopevxRdyCF15xtiCcDl3ScuiXIPOO34EeJnbfdqH3_JqOp9tTmhDm1Q146Kw0L54VnfQPy23ehVb8agWi0SEceAQZPNQzH0FHl33Yb_EK9mF3XOn1bo7h5vFDboKlz9GvgnkZWMQXtNp8T2A2enp_nIReFSGU9pPXoUiY4jLRiRHYRAllyF0i4sieoEoIVVCEJCoKE0slUaRsRDZE5qKI89jhI0pOoVt-lvoMAgsN8oTnlCNlKBKFwFpIYbARLFGE4AHcb_87845dZXVdWJz9ctMA7hrXZIuaK-Pvwef_s30Be01WNUKX0F0vv_SVhQPr_Nqv7Dc4Hqs- |
link.rule.ids | 314,780,784,23318,27924,27925,55804 |
linkProvider | Cambridge University Press |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3NS8MwFH_MDVEPolNxflbwJJY1bZImRxH34T5OG_RW0jaBgdSxzcP-e5M2HUXx4D28JC-Q98vLe78fwCP1sTIkhK4O7vqBohLucsWwUXMnXPpE0kIOaDKlgzl-j0jUgKjqhTFllTuOg-Inv9BHW5b0p91FVtbQyJXp8UVUgxdacLYgP-qapGXXHkFsHb8HLUKYh5vQGo6i_nR3SwcBseoG1DVWqh_Pgk76h-U670ItftUCUe8Eji2CdF7KmU-hIfM2HNV4Bduw3y_0erdn8PD6IbbOyubo184idzTic2ptvucw773NXgeuVUVwhV7yxuWMpFQwyRT3lccwQeYREXr6Bk05TzOMkEBZpkKRCuSlOiKrQCQ8C5PQ4CMcXEAz_8zlJTgaGiSMJpiiVGHEM-5LLrjyFScsDQK_A8-7fcfWseu4rAsL419u6sBT5Zp4WXJl_D346n-27-FgMJuM4_FwOrqGwyrD6qEbaG5WX_JWQ4NNcmdP-RtoCq4t |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Clay+resources+in+the+Netherlands&rft.jtitle=Geologie+en+mijnbouw&rft.au=van+der+Meulen%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Maljers%2C+D.&rft.au=van+Gessel%2C+S.F.&rft.au=Gruijters%2C+S.H.L.L.&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.issn=0016-7746&rft.eissn=1573-9708&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=117&rft.epage=130&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS001677460002312X&rft.externalDocID=10_1017_S001677460002312X |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0016-7746&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0016-7746&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0016-7746&client=summon |