Social Enterprise in Western Europe Theory, Models and Practice

• Main Author: Nyssens, Marthe
• Format: eBook Book Web Resource
• Language: English
• Published: United Kingdom Routledge 2021; COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology; Taylor and Francis; Taylor & Francis; Taylor & Francis Group
• Edition: 1
• Series: Routledge Studies in Social Enterprise & Social Innovation
• Subjects: Business; Business & economic sciences; Business & Economics; Business and Management; cooperatives; Croatia; Czech Republic; Denmark; Development; Development Economics; Development economics and emerging economies; Economic Development; Economics; Economics, Finance, Business and Management; Economics. Production; Economie sociale; Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurship / Start-ups; Europe; Europe - Social Policy; European public policy; Finland; France; Germany; Hungary; ICSEM project; Innovation Management; Ireland; Italy; Non-profit Organisation; Non-profit Sector Management; Nonfiction; NPOs; Poland; Public & Nonprofit Management; Sciences économiques & de gestion; social business; Social change; Social economics; Social Enterprise; Social Entrepreneurship; Social entrepreneurship-Europe-History; Social Innovation; social mission; Social Policy; Sozialer Wandel; Sozialwirtschaft; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; typology of models; United Kingdom; Westeuropa; Hospital Clowns; Innovation Management; Solidarity Economy; Social Business; Social Business Model; Explicit Social Aim; Social Entrepreneurs; EMES Network; WISEs; Hungary; Development Economics; Specific Legal Form; Social Enterprise UK; European public policy; Finland; Italy; Non-profit Sector Management; Social Enterprise; Non-profit Organisation; Germany; Social Start Ups; Term Social Enterprise; ICSEM project; Social Innovation; Sweden; SE; Civil Society; Commercial Enterprises; Ireland; Poland; Social Entrepreneurship; Social Economy Organisations; Social Policy; France; Public Administration; Social Economy Tradition; Work Integration Enterprises; Croatia; ABN AMRO; Community Interest Companies; United Kingdom; Italian Social Cooperative; Switzerland; Spain; Czech Republic; Social Initiative Cooperative; Entrepreneurship; Denmark; Societal Entrepreneurship

In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications. The main objective of the ICSEM Project on which this book is based was to show that the social enterprise field would benefit much more from linking c...

Table of Contents:

• 6.2. Categories of Social Enterprises -- 6.2.1. Entrepreneurial Non-Profits -- 6.2.2. Public-Sector Social Enterprises -- 6.2.3. Social Cooperatives -- 6.3. Policy, Legal Environment and Support -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 7. Social Enterprise in Ireland: State Support Key to the Predominance of Work-Integration Social Enterprise (WISE) -- Introduction -- 7.1. Social Enterprise in Irish Academic Discourse-US and European Influences -- 7.2. Social Enterprise in Irish Policy Discourse -- 7.2.1. The First Two Decades: The 1990s and 2000s -- 7.2.2. Emerging from Recession: A New Definition -- 7.2.3. A New National Social Enterprise Policy for Ireland (2019-2022) -- 7.3. WISEs: A Typical Operational Model in Ireland -- 7.3.1. Legal Form and Governance Structure -- 7.3.2. Social Objectives and Sustainability -- 7.3.3. Goods and Services Provided -- 7.3.4. Challenges for WISEs -- Limitation of the Labour-Market Pool -- Lack of Business and Leadership Skills -- Unstable Resource Environments -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 8. Social Enterprise in Italy: A Plurality of Business and Organisational Models -- Introduction -- 8.1. Evolution of Italian Social Enterprises -- 8.1.1. The 1970s: Emergence of a Growing Gap between the Demand for and Supply of Social Services -- 8.1.2. The 1980s: Emergence of an Organised Civic Response to the New Needs -- 8.1.3. The 1990s: Recognition of Voluntary Organisations and Social Cooperatives -- 8.1.4. The 2000s: Recognition of Social Enterprises' Pluralism -- 8.2. Research Methodology and General Context -- 8.3. Social Cooperatives -- 8.4. Social Enterprises Operating under the Associative Form -- 8.5. Social Enterprises Operating under the Forms of Foundations and Religious Institutions -- 8.6. Limited-Company Social Enterprises -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References
• 4.2.1. General-Interest and Multiple-Stakeholder Organisations -- 4.2.2. Entrepreneurial Associations -- 4.2.3. Commercial Businesses with a Social Purpose and Social Entrepreneurs -- 4.3. Social Enterprises: Between Rupture and Continuity -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5. Social Enterprise in Germany: Between Institutional Inertia, Innovation and Cooperation -- Introduction -- 5.1. The SE Debate in Germany -- 5.2. Development and Models of "Social Enterprise" in Germany -- 5.2.1. Associative Tradition, Charitable Roots and the Development of the Welfare State -- 5.2.2. Cooperative Traditions -- 5.2.3. Mutual Traditions -- 5.2.4. Philanthropic Traditions -- 5.2.5. Work-Inclusion and Work-Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs) -- Work Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities -- Work Integration for Long-Term Unemployed Persons -- 5.2.6. From Community Action to Neighbourhood and Community Enterprises -- 5.2.7. Business Background -- 5.3. Promotion by Public Authorities -- 5.4. Societal Environment for Social Enterprise in Germany -- 5.4.1. General Socio-Economic Influences -- 5.4.2. Institutional Landscape of the Welfare System -- 5.4.3. Social-Policy Environment -- 5.5. Current Conceptual Debate in Germany -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 6. Social Enterprise in Iceland: The Long Journey Towards a Hybrid Welfare Model -- Introduction -- 6.1. Historical Roots of Icelandic Social Enterprise -- 6.1.1. Industrialisation and Mass Movements at the Turn of the 20th Century -- 6.1.2. Continued Importance of Associations in the Developing Icelandic Welfare System in the First Half of the 20th Century -- 6.1.3. From Informal Relations between the State and NPOs to New Public Management in the Late 20th Century -- 6.1.4. Increasingly Formalised Relations between Third-Sector Organisations and the State in the Aftermath of the 2008 Crisis
• Work and Social Integration
• Intro -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Editors -- Contributors -- Introduction: Documenting, Theorising, Mapping and Testing the Plurality of SE Models in Western Europe -- 0.1. Documenting SE Diversity (Phase 1 of the ICSEM Project) -- 0.1.1. Country-Based Contributions about the SE Landscape -- 0.1.2. Transversal and Comparative Analyses -- 0.2. Theorising and Mapping Major SE Models (Phase 2 of the ICSEM Project) -- 0.2.1. Three "Principles of Interest" as a Cornerstone -- 0.2.2. Market Reliance and the Resource Mix as Key Issues -- 0.2.3. Institutional Logics Generating SE Models -- 0.2.4. Social Missions across Models -- 0.3. Testing SE Models (Phase 3 of the ICSEM Project) -- Notes -- References -- Part I: National Overviews of Social Enterprise -- 1. Unity in Diversity: Exploring the Multiple Facets of the Belgian Social Enterprise Landscape -- Introduction -- 1.1. Historical Roots -- 1.1.1. The Associative Tradition -- 1.1.2. The Cooperative Tradition -- 1.1.3. The Tradition of Mutuals -- 1.1.4. The Inputs of Public Policies -- 1.1.5. Philanthropy and Social Investment -- 1.1.6. A More Business-Oriented Approach -- 1.2. Legal Evolution and Public Policies -- 1.3. Statistics and Characteristics of Social Enterprise in Belgium -- 1.3.1. Four Main SE Models -- 1.3.2. Number of Social Enterprises -- 1.3.3. Fields of Activity -- 1.3.4. Employment in Social Enterprises -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Note -- References -- 2. Social Enterprise in Denmark: Historical, Contextual and Conceptual Aspects -- Introduction -- 2.1. Institutional Trajectories of Social Enterprise in Denmark: Strong Roots in Social Movements and State Formation -- 2.1.1. First Period: Development of the Cooperative Sector -- 2.1.2. Second Period: Interrelated Crises
• 9. Social Enterprise in the Netherlands: Between Hope and Hype -- Introduction -- 9.1. Understanding Concepts and Context -- 9.1.1. Definition and Legal Status -- 9.1.2. The Debate about Social Enterprise in the Netherlands -- 9.1.3. Historical Context -- 9.2. Identification of SE Models -- 9.2.1. Mapping the SE Sector -- Size and Evolution of the Sector -- Areas of Activity -- Size and Legal Form of the Initiatives -- Failure Rate -- Age of Entrepreneurs and Enterprises -- Financial Results -- Impact -- 9.2.2. Synthetic Analysis -- 9.3. Social Enterprises' Relations with Public Authorities -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 10. Social Enterprises in Norway: Models and Institutional Trajectories -- Introduction -- 10.1. Historical and Institutional Context for Social Enterprise in Norway -- 10.2. Main SE Models in Norway -- 10.3. Institutional Trajectories and Future Developments -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 11. Social Enterprise in Portugal: Concepts, Contexts and Models -- Introduction -- 11.1. Understanding Concepts and Context -- 11.1.1. Social Enterprise in Research -- 11.1.2. The Political Debate About Social Enterprise -- 11.1.3. Other Related Concepts -- 11.1.4. Governmental Programmes and Measures -- 11.2. SE Models in Portugal -- 11.2.1. The Entrepreneurial Non-Profit (ENP) Model -- 11.2.2. The Work-Integration Social Enterprise (WISE) Model -- 11.2.3. The Social-Cooperative (SC) Model -- 11.2.4. The Solidarity-Economy Enterprise Model -- 11.2.5. The Social-Business Model -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 12. Social Enterprise in Spain: From a Diversity of Roots to a Tentative Typology of Models -- Introduction -- 12.1. Understanding Concepts and Context -- 12.2. Identification of SE Models -- 12.2.1. Methodology and Data Collection Strategy -- 12.2.2. Results: Analysis by Fields of Activity and Groups
• 2.1.3. Third Period: Emergence and Institutionalisation of Social Enterprise -- 2.2. Legal Forms of Social Enterprise in Denmark -- 2.2.1. Association (Forening) -- 2.2.2. Self-Governing Institutions (Selvejende Institution) -- 2.2.3. Public-Utility Funds (Almennyttige Fonde) -- 2.2.4. Cooperatives (Andelsselskab) -- 2.3. The Innovative and Entrepreneurial Welfare State -- 2.4. The Danish Ecosystem of Social Enterprise -- 2.5. Significant Conception(s) and Practices of Social Enterprise: Five Platforms -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3. A New Typology of Social Enterprise in Finland: Capturing the Diversity -- Introduction -- 3.1. The Finnish Context for Social Enterprises -- 3.1.1. Social-Economy Organisations in the Finnish Welfare State -- 3.1.2. Evolution of New Social Enterprises -- 3.2. Institutionalised and Non-Institutionalised Social Enterprises -- 3.3. New Typology of Finnish Social Enterprises and Illustrative Examples -- 3.3.1. Social Enterprises Providing Public (welfare) Services -- Overall Description -- An Example: "Charitable Foundation -- 3.3.2. Emerging Alternative Economic Initiatives -- Overall Description -- An Example: "Wind Energy Ltd -- 3.3.3. Impact Businesses and "Smart-Ups -- Overall Description -- An Example: "Employee-Owned Interpreters' Cooperative -- 3.3.4. Social-Impact Redistributors -- Overall Description -- An Example: "Impact Investor Ltd -- 3.4. Findings -- 3.4.1. Social Value: Input, Output, Process and Profit Distribution -- 3.4.2. Comparing Finnish Typology to ICSEM Models -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- 4. Social Enterprise in France: At the Crossroads of the Social Economy, Solidarity Economy and Social Entrepreneurship? -- Introduction -- 4.1. Social Enterprise and the SSE: Historical Overview of Their Institutionalisation Process -- 4.2. Three Models of Social Enterprise