Social Enterprise in Western Europe Theory, Models and Practice
In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications. The main objective of the ICSEM Project on which this book is based was to show that the social enterprise field would benefit much more from linking c...
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| Format | eBook Book Web Resource |
| Language | English |
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United Kingdom
Routledge
2021
COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology Taylor and Francis Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group |
| Edition | 1 |
| Series | Routledge Studies in Social Enterprise & Social Innovation |
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| Abstract | In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications. The main objective of the ICSEM Project on which this book is based was to show that the social enterprise field would benefit much more from linking conceptualisation efforts to the huge diversity of social enterprises than from an additional and ambitious attempt at providing an encompassing definition. Starting from a hypothesis that could be termed "the impossibility of a unified definition", the ICSEM research strategy relied on bottom-up approaches to capture the social enterprise phenomenon in its local and national contexts. This strategy made it possible to take into account and give legitimacy to locally embedded approaches, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of major social enterprise models to delineate the field on common grounds at the international level. Social Enterprise in Western Europe –the third volume in a series of four ICSEM-based books on social enterprise worldwide – will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts, policy makers, journalists and others who want to acquire a broad understanding of the social enterprise and social entrepreneurship phenomena as they emerge and develop in this region. |
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| AbstractList | In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications.
The main objective of the ICSEM Project on which this book is based was to show that the social enterprise field would benefit much more from linking conceptualisation efforts to the huge diversity of social enterprises than from an additional and ambitious attempt at providing an encompassing definition. Starting from a hypothesis that could be termed "the impossibility of a unified definition", the ICSEM research strategy relied on bottom-up approaches to capture the social enterprise phenomenon in its local and national contexts. This strategy made it possible to take into account and give legitimacy to locally embedded approaches, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of major social enterprise models to delineate the field on common grounds at the international level.
Social Enterprise in Western Europe –the third volume in a series of four ICSEM-based books on social enterprise worldwide – will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts, policy makers, journalists and others who want to acquire a broad understanding of the social enterprise and social entrepreneurship phenomena as they emerge and develop in this region.
Part I: National Overviews of Social Enterprise.
1. Unity in Diversity: Exploring the Multiple Facets of the Belgian Social Enterprise Landscape
Benjamin Huybrechts, Marthe Nyssens and Jacques Defourny
2. Social Enterprise in Denmark: Historical, Contextual and Conceptual Aspects
Linda Lundgaard Andersen, Lars Hulgård and Gurli Jakobsen
3. A New Typology of Social Enterprise in Finland: Capturing the Diversity
Harri Kostilainen, Eeva Houtbeckers and Pekka Pättiniemi
4. Social Enterprise in France: At the Crossroads of the Social Economy, Solidarity Economy and Social Entrepreneurship?
Francesca Petrella, Nadine Richez-Battesti, Laurent Fraisse, Jean-Louis Laville and Laurent Gardin
5. Social Enterprise in Germany: Between Institutional Inertia, Innovation and Cooperation
Nicole Göler von Ravensburg, Georg Mildenberger and Gorgi Krlev
6. Social Enterprise in Iceland: The Long Journey Towards a Hybrid Welfare Model
Steinunn Hrafnsdóttir and Ómar H. Kristmundsson
7. Social Enterprise in Ireland: State Support Key to the Predominance of Work-Integration Social Enterprise (WISE)
Patricia O’Hara and Mary O’Shaughnessy
8. Social Enterprise in Italy: A Plurality of Business and Organisational Models
Simone Poledrini and Carlo Borzaga
9. Social Enterprise in the Netherlands: Between Hope and Hype
Philip Marcel Karré
10. Social Enterprises in Norway: Models and Institutional Trajectories
Bernard Enjolras, Jill M. Loga, Lars U. Kobro and Hans A. Hauge
11. Social Enterprise in Portugal: Concepts, Contexts and Models
Sílvia Ferreira and Joana Almeida
12. Social Enterprise in Spain: From a Diversity of Roots to a Tentative Typology of Models
Millán Díaz-Foncea, Esther Villajos, Teresa Savall, Carmen Guzmán, Francisco Javier Santos, Marta Solórzano-García, Chaime Marcuello-Servós, Rafael Chaves-Ávila and Carmen Marcuello
13. Social Enterprises in Sweden: Intertextual Consensus and Hidden Paradoxes
Malin Gawell
14. Social Enterprise Approaches in Switzerland
Michaël Gonin, Nicolas Gachet and Philipp Erpf
15. Social Enterprise in the UK: Models and Trajectories
Mike Aiken, Roger Spear, Fergus Lyon, Simon Teasdale, Richard Hazenberg, Mike Bull and Anna Kopec Massey
Part II: Comparative Analyses and Perspectives.
16. Social Enterprises in France, Portugal and Spain: Between Path Dependence and Institutional Creation?
Francesca Petrella, Nadine Richez-Battesti, Marta Solórzano-García and Sílvia Ferreira
17. Social Enterprise in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands: Where the Old Meets the New
Philip Marcel Karré
18. Between Coercive and Mimetic Institutional Isomorphism: Social Enterprise and the Universal Scandinavian Welfare State
Bernard Enjolras, Linda Lundgaard Andersen, Malin Gawell and Jill M. Loga
19. How Context Shapes the Character of Cooperative Social Enterprises: Insights from Various Countries
Nicole Göler von Ravensburg, Richard Lang, Simone Poledrini and Marzena Starnawska
20. Testing the Relevance of Major Social Enterprise Models in Western Europe
Jacques Defourny, Marthe Nyssens and Olivier Brolis
Jacques Defourny is Professor Emeritus at the Centre for Social Economy, HEC Management School, University of Liege, Belgium. He was a founder and the first President of the EMES International Research Network.
Marthe Nyssens is President of the EMES International Research Network and Professor and Pro-Rector "Society and Transition", UCLouvain, Belgium.
Open access – no commercial reuse This book is one of the 4 books, among many other publications, produced within a worldwide research projet named the "International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project. This project, which lasted from 2013 to 2019 involved some 230 reseachers from 55 countries across the world. In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications. The main objective of the ICSEM Project on which this book is based was to show that the social enterprise field would benefit much more from linking conceptualisation efforts to the huge diversity of social enterprises than from an additional and ambitious attempt at providing an encompassing definition. Starting from a hypothesis that could be termed "the impossibility of a unified definition", the ICSEM research strategy relied on bottom-up approaches to capture the social enterprise phenomenon in its local and national contexts. This strategy made it possible to take into account and give legitimacy to locally embedded approaches, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of major social enterprise models to delineate the field on common grounds at the international level. Social Enterprise in Western Europe –the third volume in a series of four ICSEM-based books on social enterprise worldwide – will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts, policy makers, journalists and others who want to acquire a broad understanding of the social enterprise and social entrepreneurship phenomena as they emerge and develop in this region. In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications. The main objective of the ICSEM Project on which this book is based was to show that the social enterprise field would benefit much more from linking conceptualisation efforts to the huge diversity of social enterprises than from an additional and ambitious attempt at providing an encompassing definition. Starting from a hypothesis that could be termed "the impossibility of a unified definition", the ICSEM research strategy relied on bottom-up approaches to capture the social enterprise phenomenon in its local and national contexts. This strategy made it possible to take into account and give legitimacy to locally embedded approaches, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of major social enterprise models to delineate the field on common grounds at the international level. Social Enterprise in Western Europe-the third volume in a series of four ICSEM-based books on social enterprise worldwide-will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts, policy makers, journalists and others who want to acquire a broad understanding of the social enterprise and social entrepreneurship phenomena as they emerge and develop in this region. "In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications. The main objective of the ICSEM Project on which this book is based was to show that the social enterprise field would benefit much more from linking conceptualisation efforts to the huge diversity of social enterprises than from an additional and ambitious attempt at providing an encompassing definition. Starting from a hypothesis that could be termed "the impossibility of a unified definition", the ICSEM research strategy relied on bottom-up approaches to capture the social enterprise phenomenon in its local and national contexts. This strategy made it possible to take into account and give legitimacy to locally embedded approaches, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of major social enterprise models to delineate the field on common grounds at the international level. Social Enterprise in Western Europe -the third volume in a series of four ICSEM-based books on social enterprise worldwide - will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts, policy makers, journalists and others who want to acquire a broad understanding of the social enterprise and social entrepreneurship phenomena as they emerge and develop in this region." This book will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts, policy makers, journalists and those who want to acquire a broad understanding of the social enterprise and social entrepreneurship phenomena as they emerge and develop across Western Europe. |
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| Keywords | Hospital Clowns Innovation Management Solidarity Economy Social Business Social Business Model Explicit Social Aim Social Entrepreneurs EMES Network WISEs Hungary Development Economics Specific Legal Form Social Enterprise UK European public policy Finland Italy Non-profit Sector Management Social Enterprise Non-profit Organisation Germany Social Start Ups Term Social Enterprise ICSEM project Social Innovation Sweden SE Civil Society Commercial Enterprises Ireland Poland Social Entrepreneurship Social Economy Organisations Social Policy France Public Administration Social Economy Tradition Work Integration Enterprises Croatia ABN AMRO Community Interest Companies United Kingdom Italian Social Cooperative Switzerland Spain Czech Republic Social Initiative Cooperative Entrepreneurship Denmark Societal Entrepreneurship |
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| Notes | Electronic reproduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021. Requires the Libby app or a modern web browser. MODID-8df34d47a03:Routledge & CRC Press scopus-id:2-s2.0-85109060124 International Comparative Social Enterprise Models (ICSEM) Project Routledge Studies in Social Enterprise and Social Innovation |
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| Snippet | In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications.
The main... In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications. The main... This book will serve as a key reference and resource for teachers, researchers, students, experts, policy makers, journalists and those who want to acquire a... "In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications. The main... In the last two decades, the quest for a widely accepted definition of social enterprise has been a central issue in a great number of publications.The main... This book is one of the 4 books, among many other publications, produced within a worldwide research projet named the "International Comparative Social... |
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| SubjectTerms | Business Business & economic sciences Business & Economics Business and Management cooperatives Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Development Development Economics Development economics and emerging economies Economic Development Economics Economics, Finance, Business and Management Economics. Production Economie sociale Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship / Start-ups Europe Europe - Social Policy European public policy Finland France Germany Hungary ICSEM project Innovation Management Ireland Italy Non-profit Organisation Non-profit Sector Management Nonfiction NPOs Poland Public & Nonprofit Management Sciences économiques & de gestion social business Social change Social economics Social Enterprise Social Entrepreneurship Social entrepreneurship-Europe-History Social Innovation social mission Social Policy Sozialer Wandel Sozialwirtschaft Spain Sweden Switzerland typology of models United Kingdom Westeuropa |
| SubjectTermsDisplay | Business. Electronic books. Nonfiction. |
| Subtitle | Theory, Models and Practice |
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| TableOfContents | 6.2. Categories of Social Enterprises -- 6.2.1. Entrepreneurial Non-Profits -- 6.2.2. Public-Sector Social Enterprises -- 6.2.3. Social Cooperatives -- 6.3. Policy, Legal Environment and Support -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 7. Social Enterprise in Ireland: State Support Key to the Predominance of Work-Integration Social Enterprise (WISE) -- Introduction -- 7.1. Social Enterprise in Irish Academic Discourse-US and European Influences -- 7.2. Social Enterprise in Irish Policy Discourse -- 7.2.1. The First Two Decades: The 1990s and 2000s -- 7.2.2. Emerging from Recession: A New Definition -- 7.2.3. A New National Social Enterprise Policy for Ireland (2019-2022) -- 7.3. WISEs: A Typical Operational Model in Ireland -- 7.3.1. Legal Form and Governance Structure -- 7.3.2. Social Objectives and Sustainability -- 7.3.3. Goods and Services Provided -- 7.3.4. Challenges for WISEs -- Limitation of the Labour-Market Pool -- Lack of Business and Leadership Skills -- Unstable Resource Environments -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 8. Social Enterprise in Italy: A Plurality of Business and Organisational Models -- Introduction -- 8.1. Evolution of Italian Social Enterprises -- 8.1.1. The 1970s: Emergence of a Growing Gap between the Demand for and Supply of Social Services -- 8.1.2. The 1980s: Emergence of an Organised Civic Response to the New Needs -- 8.1.3. The 1990s: Recognition of Voluntary Organisations and Social Cooperatives -- 8.1.4. The 2000s: Recognition of Social Enterprises' Pluralism -- 8.2. Research Methodology and General Context -- 8.3. Social Cooperatives -- 8.4. Social Enterprises Operating under the Associative Form -- 8.5. Social Enterprises Operating under the Forms of Foundations and Religious Institutions -- 8.6. Limited-Company Social Enterprises -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References 4.2.1. General-Interest and Multiple-Stakeholder Organisations -- 4.2.2. Entrepreneurial Associations -- 4.2.3. Commercial Businesses with a Social Purpose and Social Entrepreneurs -- 4.3. Social Enterprises: Between Rupture and Continuity -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5. Social Enterprise in Germany: Between Institutional Inertia, Innovation and Cooperation -- Introduction -- 5.1. The SE Debate in Germany -- 5.2. Development and Models of "Social Enterprise" in Germany -- 5.2.1. Associative Tradition, Charitable Roots and the Development of the Welfare State -- 5.2.2. Cooperative Traditions -- 5.2.3. Mutual Traditions -- 5.2.4. Philanthropic Traditions -- 5.2.5. Work-Inclusion and Work-Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs) -- Work Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities -- Work Integration for Long-Term Unemployed Persons -- 5.2.6. From Community Action to Neighbourhood and Community Enterprises -- 5.2.7. Business Background -- 5.3. Promotion by Public Authorities -- 5.4. Societal Environment for Social Enterprise in Germany -- 5.4.1. General Socio-Economic Influences -- 5.4.2. Institutional Landscape of the Welfare System -- 5.4.3. Social-Policy Environment -- 5.5. Current Conceptual Debate in Germany -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 6. Social Enterprise in Iceland: The Long Journey Towards a Hybrid Welfare Model -- Introduction -- 6.1. Historical Roots of Icelandic Social Enterprise -- 6.1.1. Industrialisation and Mass Movements at the Turn of the 20th Century -- 6.1.2. Continued Importance of Associations in the Developing Icelandic Welfare System in the First Half of the 20th Century -- 6.1.3. From Informal Relations between the State and NPOs to New Public Management in the Late 20th Century -- 6.1.4. Increasingly Formalised Relations between Third-Sector Organisations and the State in the Aftermath of the 2008 Crisis Work and Social Integration Intro -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Editors -- Contributors -- Introduction: Documenting, Theorising, Mapping and Testing the Plurality of SE Models in Western Europe -- 0.1. Documenting SE Diversity (Phase 1 of the ICSEM Project) -- 0.1.1. Country-Based Contributions about the SE Landscape -- 0.1.2. Transversal and Comparative Analyses -- 0.2. Theorising and Mapping Major SE Models (Phase 2 of the ICSEM Project) -- 0.2.1. Three "Principles of Interest" as a Cornerstone -- 0.2.2. Market Reliance and the Resource Mix as Key Issues -- 0.2.3. Institutional Logics Generating SE Models -- 0.2.4. Social Missions across Models -- 0.3. Testing SE Models (Phase 3 of the ICSEM Project) -- Notes -- References -- Part I: National Overviews of Social Enterprise -- 1. Unity in Diversity: Exploring the Multiple Facets of the Belgian Social Enterprise Landscape -- Introduction -- 1.1. Historical Roots -- 1.1.1. The Associative Tradition -- 1.1.2. The Cooperative Tradition -- 1.1.3. The Tradition of Mutuals -- 1.1.4. The Inputs of Public Policies -- 1.1.5. Philanthropy and Social Investment -- 1.1.6. A More Business-Oriented Approach -- 1.2. Legal Evolution and Public Policies -- 1.3. Statistics and Characteristics of Social Enterprise in Belgium -- 1.3.1. Four Main SE Models -- 1.3.2. Number of Social Enterprises -- 1.3.3. Fields of Activity -- 1.3.4. Employment in Social Enterprises -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Note -- References -- 2. Social Enterprise in Denmark: Historical, Contextual and Conceptual Aspects -- Introduction -- 2.1. Institutional Trajectories of Social Enterprise in Denmark: Strong Roots in Social Movements and State Formation -- 2.1.1. First Period: Development of the Cooperative Sector -- 2.1.2. Second Period: Interrelated Crises 9. Social Enterprise in the Netherlands: Between Hope and Hype -- Introduction -- 9.1. Understanding Concepts and Context -- 9.1.1. Definition and Legal Status -- 9.1.2. The Debate about Social Enterprise in the Netherlands -- 9.1.3. Historical Context -- 9.2. Identification of SE Models -- 9.2.1. Mapping the SE Sector -- Size and Evolution of the Sector -- Areas of Activity -- Size and Legal Form of the Initiatives -- Failure Rate -- Age of Entrepreneurs and Enterprises -- Financial Results -- Impact -- 9.2.2. Synthetic Analysis -- 9.3. Social Enterprises' Relations with Public Authorities -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 10. Social Enterprises in Norway: Models and Institutional Trajectories -- Introduction -- 10.1. Historical and Institutional Context for Social Enterprise in Norway -- 10.2. Main SE Models in Norway -- 10.3. Institutional Trajectories and Future Developments -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 11. Social Enterprise in Portugal: Concepts, Contexts and Models -- Introduction -- 11.1. Understanding Concepts and Context -- 11.1.1. Social Enterprise in Research -- 11.1.2. The Political Debate About Social Enterprise -- 11.1.3. Other Related Concepts -- 11.1.4. Governmental Programmes and Measures -- 11.2. SE Models in Portugal -- 11.2.1. The Entrepreneurial Non-Profit (ENP) Model -- 11.2.2. The Work-Integration Social Enterprise (WISE) Model -- 11.2.3. The Social-Cooperative (SC) Model -- 11.2.4. The Solidarity-Economy Enterprise Model -- 11.2.5. The Social-Business Model -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 12. Social Enterprise in Spain: From a Diversity of Roots to a Tentative Typology of Models -- Introduction -- 12.1. Understanding Concepts and Context -- 12.2. Identification of SE Models -- 12.2.1. Methodology and Data Collection Strategy -- 12.2.2. Results: Analysis by Fields of Activity and Groups 2.1.3. Third Period: Emergence and Institutionalisation of Social Enterprise -- 2.2. Legal Forms of Social Enterprise in Denmark -- 2.2.1. Association (Forening) -- 2.2.2. Self-Governing Institutions (Selvejende Institution) -- 2.2.3. Public-Utility Funds (Almennyttige Fonde) -- 2.2.4. Cooperatives (Andelsselskab) -- 2.3. The Innovative and Entrepreneurial Welfare State -- 2.4. The Danish Ecosystem of Social Enterprise -- 2.5. Significant Conception(s) and Practices of Social Enterprise: Five Platforms -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3. A New Typology of Social Enterprise in Finland: Capturing the Diversity -- Introduction -- 3.1. The Finnish Context for Social Enterprises -- 3.1.1. Social-Economy Organisations in the Finnish Welfare State -- 3.1.2. Evolution of New Social Enterprises -- 3.2. Institutionalised and Non-Institutionalised Social Enterprises -- 3.3. New Typology of Finnish Social Enterprises and Illustrative Examples -- 3.3.1. Social Enterprises Providing Public (welfare) Services -- Overall Description -- An Example: "Charitable Foundation -- 3.3.2. Emerging Alternative Economic Initiatives -- Overall Description -- An Example: "Wind Energy Ltd -- 3.3.3. Impact Businesses and "Smart-Ups -- Overall Description -- An Example: "Employee-Owned Interpreters' Cooperative -- 3.3.4. Social-Impact Redistributors -- Overall Description -- An Example: "Impact Investor Ltd -- 3.4. Findings -- 3.4.1. Social Value: Input, Output, Process and Profit Distribution -- 3.4.2. Comparing Finnish Typology to ICSEM Models -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- 4. Social Enterprise in France: At the Crossroads of the Social Economy, Solidarity Economy and Social Entrepreneurship? -- Introduction -- 4.1. Social Enterprise and the SSE: Historical Overview of Their Institutionalisation Process -- 4.2. Three Models of Social Enterprise |
| Title | Social Enterprise in Western Europe |
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