Stop the Violence in Latin America A Look at Prevention from Cradle to Adulthood
"The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region has the undesirable distinction of being the world's most violent region, with 24.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. The magnitude of the problem is staggering and persistent. Of the top 50 most violent cities in the world, 42 are in LAC. In...
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| Format | eBook |
| Language | English |
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Washington
THE WORLD BANK
2017
World Bank Publications The World Bank |
| Edition | 1 |
| Series | Latin American Development Forum |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | "The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region has the undesirable distinction of being the world's most violent region, with 24.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. The magnitude of the problem is staggering and persistent. Of the top 50 most violent cities in the world, 42 are in LAC. In 2010 alone, 142,302 people in LAC fell victim to homicide, representing 390 homicides per day and 4.06 homicides every 15 minutes. Crime disproportionately affects young men aged 20 to 24, whose homicide rate of 92 per 100,000 nearly quadruples that of the region. The focus of Crime Prevention in Latin America and the Caribbean is to identify policy interventions that, whether by design or indirect effect, have been shown to affect antisocial behavior early in life and patterns of criminal offending in youth and adults. Particular attention is devoted to recent studies that rigorously establish a causal link between the interventions in question and outcomes. This publication adopts a lifecycle perspective and argues that as individuals progress through different stages of the lifecycle, not only do different sets of risk factors arise and take more prominence, but their interactions and interdependencies shape human behavior. These interactions and the relative importance of different sets of risk factors identify relevant margins that can effectively be targeted by prevention policies, not only early in life, but throughout the lifecycle. Indeed prevention can never start too early, nor start too late, nor be too comprehensive."--Publisher's description. |
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| AbstractList | The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region has the undesirable distinction of being the world’s most violent region, with 24.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. The magnitude of the problem is staggering and persistent. Of the top 50 most violent cities in the world, 42 are in LAC. In 2010 alone, 142,302 people in LAC fell victim to homicide, representing 390 homicides per day and 4.06 homicides every 15 minutes. Crime disproportionately affects young men aged 20 to 24, whose homicide rate of 92 per 100,000 nearly quadruples that of the region.
The focus of Crime Prevention in Latin America and the Caribben is to identify policy interventions that, whether by design or indirect effect, have been shown to affect antisocial behavior early in life and patterns of criminal offending in youth and adults. Particular attention is devoted to recent studies that rigorously establish a causal link between the interventions in question and outcomes.
This publication adopts a lifecycle perspective and argues that as individuals progress through different stages of the lifecycle, not only do different sets of risk factors arise and take more prominence, but their interactions and interdependencies shape human behavior. These interactions and the relative importance of different sets of risk factors identify relevant margins that can effectively be targeted by prevention policies, not only early in life, but throughout the lifecycle. Indeed prevention can never start too early, nor start too late, nor be too comprehensive. "The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region has the undesirable distinction of being the world's most violent region, with 24.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. The magnitude of the problem is staggering and persistent. Of the top 50 most violent cities in the world, 42 are in LAC. In 2010 alone, 142,302 people in LAC fell victim to homicide, representing 390 homicides per day and 4.06 homicides every 15 minutes. Crime disproportionately affects young men aged 20 to 24, whose homicide rate of 92 per 100,000 nearly quadruples that of the region. The focus of Crime Prevention in Latin America and the Caribbean is to identify policy interventions that, whether by design or indirect effect, have been shown to affect antisocial behavior early in life and patterns of criminal offending in youth and adults. Particular attention is devoted to recent studies that rigorously establish a causal link between the interventions in question and outcomes. This publication adopts a lifecycle perspective and argues that as individuals progress through different stages of the lifecycle, not only do different sets of risk factors arise and take more prominence, but their interactions and interdependencies shape human behavior. These interactions and the relative importance of different sets of risk factors identify relevant margins that can effectively be targeted by prevention policies, not only early in life, but throughout the lifecycle. Indeed prevention can never start too early, nor start too late, nor be too comprehensive."--Publisher's description. |
| Author | Chioda, Laura |
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| Keywords | ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR VIOLENCE CRIME RISK FACTORS PREVENTION HOMICIDES YOUTH CRIME |
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| Snippet | "The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region has the undesirable distinction of being the world's most violent region, with 24.7 homicides per 100,000... The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region has the undesirable distinction of being the world’s most violent region, with 24.7 homicides per 100,000... |
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| SubjectTerms | BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Urban & Regional Latin America SOCIAL SCIENCE / Criminology SOCIAL SCIENCE / Violence in Society Violence |
| SubjectTermsDisplay | BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Urban & Regional SOCIAL SCIENCE / Criminology SOCIAL SCIENCE / Violence in Society |
| Subtitle | A Look at Prevention from Cradle to Adulthood |
| TableOfContents | Stop the Violence in Latin America: A Look at Prevention from Cradle to Adulthood -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- 1. Organizing Framework of the Study and Structure of the Report -- 2. Stylized Facts about Crime and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean -- 3. The Transmission of Violence across Generations and Early Interventions -- 4. Youth, Education, and Brain Development -- 5. The Nexus between Poverty, Labor Markets, and Crime -- 6. Neighborhoods and Urban Upgrading -- 7. General and Specific Deterrence -- Appendix: World Bank Citizen Security Program in Latin America and the Caribbean. 6.4 Medellín: From one of the world's deadliest cities to a showcase for educational and architectural projects -- 7.1 The efficiency trade-off between severity and certainty, for any given level of expected punishment -- 7.2 Police reform, training, and crime: Experimental evidence from Colombia's Plan Cuadrantes -- 7.3 The Cure Violence (cease-fire) model: A disease control method for reducing violence -- A.1 EVIDENCE 4 PEACE: The World Bank's DIME Impact Evaluation Program on Fragility, Conflict, and Violence -- A.2 Honduras Safer Municipalities: The World Bank's first stand-alone citizen security project -- A.3 RESOL-V, Solutions to Violence network: Connecting knowledge and decision making -- Figures -- O.1 The homicide rates in Latin America and the Caribbean -- O.2 A model of the supply of criminal offenses, but also a model of crime and violence prevention -- O.3 LAC's homicide rate relative to other regions in terms of GDP per capita, 2012 -- O.4 Evolution of poverty, the middle class, economic development, and violence in Latin America, 1995-2012 -- O.5 Employment profiles of male perpetrators and the general male population, Mexico, 2010 -- O.6 Victim reporting on where the last crime occurred, 2010 and 2014 -- O.7 LAC homicide age-crime profile, selected years -- O.8 Trends in homicide rates in the United States and Mexico, by age and race -- O.9 Age-crime incidence by income level for property and violent crimes, LAC -- O.10 Marginal effects on victimization of income, education, age, neighborhood safety, social capital, and trust in institutions, LAC -- O.11 Marginal effects on victimization of the variable "police asked for bribes" -- O.12 Trends in homicides, concerns about crime, and victimization, LAC, 1996-2013 -- 1.1 A model of the supply of criminal offenses, but also a model of crime and violence prevention 2.1 Homicide rates in LAC, by country, 2009-12 -- 2.2 Homicide rate in LAC, by subregion -- 2.3 Homicide rates in selected LAC countries, 1999-2012 -- 2.4 LAC's homicide rate relative to other regions in terms of GDP per capita, 2012 -- 2.5 Evolution of poverty, the middle class, economic development, and violence in Latin America, 1995-2012 -- 2.6 LAC and world homicide rates and GDP, various periods, 1990-2012 -- 2.7 Year- and subperiod-specific effects of income groups on homicide rates, 1996-2010 -- 2.8 Employment rates of perpetrators across all age groups and among youth, Mexico, 1997-2011 -- 2.9 Employment profiles of male perpetrators and general male population, Mexico, 2010 -- 2.10 Effects of distance from the U.S. border on homicide rates in Mexican municipalities, by quantile, 1990s, early 2000s, and late 2000s -- 2.11 Kernel density of homicide rates across municipalities in Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico, selected years -- 2.12 Cumulative distribution of national homicide rates versus state homicide rates by department, Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico -- 2.13 Homicide rates by zone, Guatemala City, 2012 -- 2.14 Distribution of homicides over the course of the day and by gender, Guatemala City, 2012 -- 2.15 Victim reporting on where the last crime occurred, 2010 and 2014 -- 2.16 Location of all crimes by country, 2014 -- 2.17 Where crimes were committed and where criminals came from, Mexico, 1997-2011 -- 2.18 LAC homicide age-crime profile, selected years -- 2.19 Age-homicide profiles for Central and South America -- 2.20 Trends in homicide rates in the United States and Mexico, by age and race -- B2.1.1 Male homicide rate by age, Honduras, 2012 and 2013 -- B2.1.2 Evolution of male homicide rates by age group, Honduras, 2008-13 -- 2.21 Age-crime profiles of perpetrators of property crime, violent crime, and homicides, Mexico 5.3 The theoretical indeterminacy of the effect of income on crime: A summary of plausible channels 2.22 Victimization rates versus homicide rates from different data sources, LAC -- 2.23 Marginal effects on victimization of income, education, age, neighborhood safety, social capital, and trust in institutions, LAC -- 2.24 Age-crime incidence by income level for property and violent crimes, LAC -- 2.25 Marginal effects on victimization of trust in the judicial system, the national police, the community, and municipal social capital -- 2.26 Marginal effects on victimization of the variable "police asked for bribes" -- 2.27 Marginal effects of the variable "is paying bribes justified?" by country -- 2.28 Trust in the police, the justice system, and democracy, LAC, 1996-2013 -- 2.29 Trends in homicides, concerns about crime, and victimization, LAC, 1996-2013 -- 2.30 Marginal effects on crime as a concern in LAC -- 2.31 Marginal effects of age on crime as a concern in LAC -- 3.1 A model of the supply of criminal offenses, but also a model of crime and violence prevention -- 3.2 Possible channels for the intergenerational transmission of criminal behavior -- 3.3 Life-cycle evolution of conscientiousness -- 4.1 A model of the supply of criminal offenses, but also a model of crime and violence prevention -- 4.2 Education levels of perpetrators versus the general population, Mexico, 1998-2011 -- 4.3 Effect of the dropout rate on the quantiles of the homicide rate, Brazilian municipalities, 1998-2012 -- 4.4 The adolescent brain: From hot cognition to cold cognition -- 4.5 Evolution of personality traits, age 10-80 -- 4.6 A path from hot to cold cognition: Channels that affect youth behavior and brain function -- 4.7 A classification of school-based prevention programs -- 5.1 The relationship between poverty and homicides in the LAC region, 1996-2010 -- 5.2 A model of the supply of criminal offenses, but also a model of crime and violence prevention Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- Stylized facts: The physiognomy of crime and violence in LAC -- Never too early: Stopping the transmission of violence across generations -- Adolescence and young adulthood: A critical age for policy intervention -- The link between poverty and crime and violence -- Does crime respond to features of labor market incentives? -- The effect of neighborhood characteristics and social networks on crime and violence -- Deterrence: The role of incentives in the justice system -- Final thoughts -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1: Organizing Framework of the Study and Structure of the Report -- The organizing framework of this study -- Structure of the report -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Stylized Facts about Crime and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Magnitude and persistence -- A closer look at the different dimensions of the interplay between economic development and violence -- Heterogeneity: Spatial features of the distribution of crime -- Victimization, perceptions, and happiness -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3: The Transmission of Violence across Generations and Early Interventions -- The early peak of physical aggression -- Family history and vulnerability -- Early interventions: Nutrition, nurse home visitations, and early childhood -- The underlying mechanisms: The role of personality traits -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4: Youth, Education, and Brain Development -- Education and crime -- Personality traits, their malleability, and crime and violence -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5: The Nexus between Poverty, Labor Markets, and Crime -- Income, poverty, and crime: Channels and evidence -- Labor income: Channels and evidence -- Notes -- References Chapter 6: Neighborhoods and Urban Upgrading -- Evidence on the effects of neighborhoods and social interactions on outcomes -- Can urban and in situ upgrading affect antisocial behavior? Evidence from the United States and Latin America and the Caribbean -- Broken window theory: The evidence -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7: General and Specific Deterrence -- The prison population and general deterrence: Insights and limitations -- Severity versus certainty and their relationship to general deterrence -- Certainty and deterrence -- Specific deterrence and recidivism: Is prison always best to prevent future crime? -- Notes -- References -- Appendix: World Bank Citizen Security Program in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Note -- References -- Boxes -- 1.1 Previous analytical reports by the World Bank on crime and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean -- 2.1 Age distribution of homicide rates in Honduras, 2012-13 -- 3.1 The link between exposure to lead in young children and crime -- 3.2 Why would child maltreatment lead to subsequent criminality? Criminological and economic theories -- 3.3 The HighScope Perry Preschool program -- 3.4 Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) -- 4.1 A promising strategy to address bullying and other unintended consequences of keeping youths from dropping out -- 4.2 Programs that may have detrimental effects and even promote violence but continue to receive support despite a lack of evidence -- 4.3 The Becoming a Man program -- 5.1 Broad categorization of employment-focused crime prevention programs -- 5.2 Evaluation of Job Corps: Lasting results only for older youth -- 6.1 Tackling collective efficacy with urban infrastructure -- 6.2 Social cohesion and public policy: The case of cash transfers in Colombia and Indonesia -- 6.3 Is crime contagious? |
| Title | Stop the Violence in Latin America |
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