Face stability of EPB shield tunnels in multilayered ground with soft sand lying on hard rock considering dynamic excavation process: A DEM study - Wang, Jun; Lin, Guojin; Xu, Guowen; Wei, Yanqing; Li, Shiqi; Tang, Xie; He, Chuan (Tunnelling and underground space technology, 2022)
Keywords: Collapse; Cutting; Diameters; Discrete element method; Discrete element method (DEM); Dynamic excavation process; Dynamic stability; Earth pressure; EPB shield tunnel; Excavation; Face stability; Failure; Multilayered ground; Pressure effects; Sand; Soil dynamics; Soil stability; Soils; Systems stability; Tunneling shields; Tunnels; Underground construction; Face stability; Discrete element method (DEM); Multilayered ground; Dynamic excavation process; EPB shield tunnel