Three-Dimensional Si/Ge Quantum Dot Crystals
Modern nanotechnology offers routes to create new artificial materials, widening the functionality of devices in physics, chemistry, and biology. Templated self-organization has been recognized as a possible route to achieve exact positioning of quantum dots to create quantum dot arrays, molecules,...
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Published in | Nano letters Vol. 7; no. 10; pp. 3150 - 3156 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Washington, DC
American Chemical Society
01.10.2007
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | Modern nanotechnology offers routes to create new artificial materials, widening the functionality of devices in physics, chemistry, and biology. Templated self-organization has been recognized as a possible route to achieve exact positioning of quantum dots to create quantum dot arrays, molecules, and crystals. Here we employ extreme ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL) at a wavelength of λ = 13.5 nm for fast, large-area exposure of templates with perfect periodicity. Si(001) substrates have been patterned with two-dimensional hole arrays using EUV-IL and reactive ion etching. On these substrates, three-dimensionally ordered SiGe quantum dot crystals with the so far smallest quantum dot sizes and periods both in lateral and vertical directions have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray diffractometry from a sample volume corresponding to about 3.6 × 107 dots and atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveal an up to now unmatched structural perfection of the quantum dot crystal and a narrow quantum dot size distribution. Intense interband photoluminescence has been observed up to room temperature, indicating a low defect density in the three-dimensional (3D) SiGe quantum dot crystals. Using the Ge concentration and dot shapes determined by X-ray and AFM measurements as input parameters for 3D band structure calculations, an excellent quantitative agreement between measured and calculated PL energies is obtained. The calculations show that the band structure of the 3D ordered quantum dot crystal is significantly modified by the artificial periodicity. A calculation of the variation of the eigenenergies based on the statistical variation in the dot dimensions as determined experimentally (±10% in linear dimensions) shows that the calculated electronic coupling between neighboring dots is not destroyed due to the quantum dot size variations. Thus, not only from a structural point of view but also with respect to the band structure, the 3D ordered quantum dots can be regarded as artificial crystal. |
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AbstractList | Modern nanotechnology offers routes to create new artificial materials, widening the functionality of devices in physics, chemistry, and biology. Templated self-organization has been recognized as a possible route to achieve exact positioning of quantum dots to create quantum dot arrays, molecules, and crystals. Here we employ extreme ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL) at a wavelength of λ = 13.5 nm for fast, large-area exposure of templates with perfect periodicity. Si(001) substrates have been patterned with two-dimensional hole arrays using EUV-IL and reactive ion etching. On these substrates, three-dimensionally ordered SiGe quantum dot crystals with the so far smallest quantum dot sizes and periods both in lateral and vertical directions have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray diffractometry from a sample volume corresponding to about 3.6 × 107 dots and atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveal an up to now unmatched structural perfection of the quantum dot crystal and a narrow quantum dot size distribution. Intense interband photoluminescence has been observed up to room temperature, indicating a low defect density in the three-dimensional (3D) SiGe quantum dot crystals. Using the Ge concentration and dot shapes determined by X-ray and AFM measurements as input parameters for 3D band structure calculations, an excellent quantitative agreement between measured and calculated PL energies is obtained. The calculations show that the band structure of the 3D ordered quantum dot crystal is significantly modified by the artificial periodicity. A calculation of the variation of the eigenenergies based on the statistical variation in the dot dimensions as determined experimentally (±10% in linear dimensions) shows that the calculated electronic coupling between neighboring dots is not destroyed due to the quantum dot size variations. Thus, not only from a structural point of view but also with respect to the band structure, the 3D ordered quantum dots can be regarded as artificial crystal. Modern nanotechnology offers routes to create new artificial materials, widening the functionality of devices in physics, chemistry, and biology. Templated self-organization has been recognized as a possible route to achieve exact positioning of quantum dots to create quantum dot arrays, molecules, and crystals. Here we employ extreme ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL) at a wavelength of lambda = 13.5 nm for fast, large-area exposure of templates with perfect periodicity. Si(001) substrates have been patterned with two-dimensional hole arrays using EUV-IL and reactive ion etching. On these substrates, three-dimensionally ordered SiGe quantum dot crystals with the so far smallest quantum dot sizes and periods both in lateral and vertical directions have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray diffractometry from a sample volume corresponding to about 3.6 x 10(7) dots and atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveal an up to now unmatched structural perfection of the quantum dot crystal and a narrow quantum dot size distribution. Intense interband photoluminescence has been observed up to room temperature, indicating a low defect density in the three-dimensional (3D) SiGe quantum dot crystals. Using the Ge concentration and dot shapes determined by X-ray and AFM measurements as input parameters for 3D band structure calculations, an excellent quantitative agreement between measured and calculated PL energies is obtained. The calculations show that the band structure of the 3D ordered quantum dot crystal is significantly modified by the artificial periodicity. A calculation of the variation of the eigenenergies based on the statistical variation in the dot dimensions as determined experimentally (+/-10% in linear dimensions) shows that the calculated electronic coupling between neighboring dots is not destroyed due to the quantum dot size variations. Thus, not only from a structural point of view but also with respect to the band structure, the 3D ordered quantum dots can be regarded as artificial crystal. |
Author | Fromherz, Thomas Dais, Christian Ekinci, Yasin Müller, Elisabeth Stangl, Julian Lechner, Rainer T Solak, Harun H Bauer, Günther Birner, Stefan Sigg, Hans Grützmacher, Detlev Wintersberger, Eugen Holý, Václav |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Detlev surname: Grützmacher fullname: Grützmacher, Detlev – sequence: 2 givenname: Thomas surname: Fromherz fullname: Fromherz, Thomas – sequence: 3 givenname: Christian surname: Dais fullname: Dais, Christian – sequence: 4 givenname: Julian surname: Stangl fullname: Stangl, Julian – sequence: 5 givenname: Elisabeth surname: Müller fullname: Müller, Elisabeth – sequence: 6 givenname: Yasin surname: Ekinci fullname: Ekinci, Yasin – sequence: 7 givenname: Harun H surname: Solak fullname: Solak, Harun H – sequence: 8 givenname: Hans surname: Sigg fullname: Sigg, Hans – sequence: 9 givenname: Rainer T surname: Lechner fullname: Lechner, Rainer T – sequence: 10 givenname: Eugen surname: Wintersberger fullname: Wintersberger, Eugen – sequence: 11 givenname: Stefan surname: Birner fullname: Birner, Stefan – sequence: 12 givenname: Václav surname: Holý fullname: Holý, Václav – sequence: 13 givenname: Günther surname: Bauer fullname: Bauer, Günther |
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Keywords | Atomic force microscopy Ge-Si alloys Photoluminescence Self organization Three dimensional structure Ambient temperature Molecular beam epitaxy Silicon Defect density Band structure Lithography Quantum dots Interference Theoretical study Template reaction Ordered crystals Reactive ion etching Electronic structure Plasma etching Germanium X ray diffractometry Arrays Nanostructured materials Quantum crystals Nanotechnology |
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SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Chemical synthesis methods Cross-disciplinary physics: materials science; rheology Crystallization - methods Electronics Exact sciences and technology Germanium - chemistry Macromolecular Substances - chemistry Materials science Materials Testing Methods of nanofabrication Molecular Conformation Molecular electronics, nanoelectronics Nanocrystalline materials Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization Nanostructures - chemistry Nanostructures - ultrastructure Nanotechnology - methods Particle Size Physics Quantum Dots Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices Silicon - chemistry Surface Properties |
Title | Three-Dimensional Si/Ge Quantum Dot Crystals |
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