Mechanical and microseismic characteristics of sandstones subject to moderate low-frequency differential cyclic loading (DCL) followed by monotonic loading up to failure

This work aims to experimentally investigate the behaviour of sandstone drilled from an underground coal mine exposed to low-frequency cyclic loading with distinct loading/unloading rates, namely differential cyclic loading (DCL). Three loading modes with different loading/unloading rates were appli...

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Published in	Acta geotechnica Vol. 18; no. 1; pp. 187 - 215
Main Authors	Song, Zhengyang, Konietzky, Heinz, Wu, Yunfeng, Cai, Xin
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.01.2023 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects	Acoustic emission Acoustics Behavior Civil engineering Coal Coal mines Coal mining Complex Fluids and Microfluidics Cyclic loading Cyclic loads Dissipation Drilling Earthquakes Energy Energy dissipation Engineering Evolution Foundations Geoengineering Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences Hydraulics Hysteresis Investigations Kaiser effect Laboratories Load Microseisms Mining engineering Modulus of elasticity Research Paper Sandstone Sediment samples Sedimentary rocks Soft and Granular Matter Soil Science & Conservation Solid Mechanics Statistical methods Strain Underground mines Unloading Acoustic emission Loading/unloading rate Energy dissipation Phase shift Differential cyclic loading (DCL)
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Abstract	This work aims to experimentally investigate the behaviour of sandstone drilled from an underground coal mine exposed to low-frequency cyclic loading with distinct loading/unloading rates, namely differential cyclic loading (DCL). Three loading modes with different loading/unloading rates were applied. The test results are presented and analysed in terms of dissipated energy ratio (DER), evolution of secant elastic moduli, stress–strain hysteresis and acoustic emission (AE) behaviours. The correlation between DER and maximum cyclic load level is revealed, and a novel method to predict the strength of the rock sample is proposed based on statistics of DER at failure. The hardening behaviour is observed during cyclic loading, which is characterized by gradual enhancement of the secant elastic moduli. The stress–strain hysteresis is determined, which shows that phase shift between stress–strain is loading/unloading rate-dependent. The evolution of AE counts and energy is documented and discussed with respect to the dissipated energy. The results indicate that patterns of AE evolution and Kaiser effect are both influenced by cyclic loading paths.
AbstractList	This work aims to experimentally investigate the behaviour of sandstone drilled from an underground coal mine exposed to low-frequency cyclic loading with distinct loading/unloading rates, namely differential cyclic loading (DCL). Three loading modes with different loading/unloading rates were applied. The test results are presented and analysed in terms of dissipated energy ratio (DER), evolution of secant elastic moduli, stress–strain hysteresis and acoustic emission (AE) behaviours. The correlation between DER and maximum cyclic load level is revealed, and a novel method to predict the strength of the rock sample is proposed based on statistics of DER at failure. The hardening behaviour is observed during cyclic loading, which is characterized by gradual enhancement of the secant elastic moduli. The stress–strain hysteresis is determined, which shows that phase shift between stress–strain is loading/unloading rate-dependent. The evolution of AE counts and energy is documented and discussed with respect to the dissipated energy. The results indicate that patterns of AE evolution and Kaiser effect are both influenced by cyclic loading paths.
Author	Song, Zhengyang Wu, Yunfeng Cai, Xin Konietzky, Heinz
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Zhengyang surname: Song fullname: Song, Zhengyang email: zhengyangsong@ustb.edu.cn organization: Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Geotechnical Institute, TU Bergakademie Freiberg – sequence: 2 givenname: Heinz surname: Konietzky fullname: Konietzky, Heinz organization: Geotechnical Institute, TU Bergakademie Freiberg – sequence: 3 givenname: Yunfeng surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Yunfeng organization: Department of Civil Engineering, School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing – sequence: 4 givenname: Xin surname: Cai fullname: Cai, Xin organization: School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University
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SubjectTerms	Acoustic emission Acoustics Behavior Civil engineering Coal Coal mines Coal mining Complex Fluids and Microfluidics Cyclic loading Cyclic loads Dissipation Drilling Earthquakes Energy Energy dissipation Engineering Evolution Foundations Geoengineering Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences Hydraulics Hysteresis Investigations Kaiser effect Laboratories Load Microseisms Mining engineering Modulus of elasticity Research Paper Sandstone Sediment samples Sedimentary rocks Soft and Granular Matter Soil Science & Conservation Solid Mechanics Statistical methods Strain Underground mines Unloading
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Title	Mechanical and microseismic characteristics of sandstones subject to moderate low-frequency differential cyclic loading (DCL) followed by monotonic loading up to failure
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