Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources

• Published in: Ore geology reviews Vol. 51; pp. 1 - 14
• Main Authors: Hein, James R., Mizell, Kira, Koschinsky, Andrea, Conrad, Tracey A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.06.2013
• Subjects: Comparisons with land-based resources; Deep-ocean mineral resources; Fe–Mn crusts and nodules; Rare earth elements; Rare metals; Rare metals; Rare earth elements; Comparisons with land-based resources; Fe–Mn crusts and nodules; Deep-ocean mineral resources

Ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) crusts are strongly enriched relative to the Earth's lithosphere in many rare and critical metals, including Co, Te, Mo, Bi, Pt, W, Zr, Nb, Y, and rare-earth elements (REEs). Fe–Mn nodules are strongly enriched in Ni, Cu, Co, Mo, Zr, Li, Y, and REEs. Compared to Fe–Mn cru...