Fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints on ore genesis of the Zajkan epithermal base metal deposit, Tarom–Hashtjin metallogenic belt, NW Iran

[Display omitted] •The Zajkan deposit is an intermediate-sulfidation style of epithermal mineralization.•Fluid boiling and mixing facilitated hydrothermal alteration and mineralization.•Stable isotopes suggest the ore-fluid system evolved from magmatic to meteoric.•Mineralization at Zajkan is relate...

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Published inOre geology reviews Vol. 109; pp. 564 - 584
Main Authors Kouhestani, Hossein, Mokhtari, Mir Ali Asghar, Qin, Kezhang, Zhao, Junxing
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 01.06.2019
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Abstract [Display omitted] •The Zajkan deposit is an intermediate-sulfidation style of epithermal mineralization.•Fluid boiling and mixing facilitated hydrothermal alteration and mineralization.•Stable isotopes suggest the ore-fluid system evolved from magmatic to meteoric.•Mineralization at Zajkan is related to late Eocene magmatic-hydrothermal activity at THMB. In the Zajkan Pb–Zn–Cu (Au–Ag) deposit of the Tarom–Hashtjin metallogenic belt (THMB), northwest Iran, mineralization occurs as quartz-base metal sulfide veins hosted by Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Karaj Formation. Four stages of ore formation are identified at Zajkan: (1) quartz-chalcopyrite-pyrite veins, (2) quartz-galena-sphalerite ± chalcopyrite ± pyrite veins and breccias, (3) quartz-hematite veins and breccias, and (4) barren quartz-carbonate veinlets. The primary metallic minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and trace amounts of hematite; gangue minerals are mainly quartz, sericite, chlorite, and calcite. The main wall-rock alteration is silicification, and intermediate argillic, and propylitic alteration. The coexistence of different types of fluid inclusions (LV, VL, and V) in individual fluid inclusion assemblages in quartz and sphalerite suggests boiling and heterogeneous trapping. Excluding the heterogeneously entrapped fluid inclusions, the microthermometric measurements of primary LV fluid inclusion assemblages in quartz and sphalerite indicate that the veins were formed at temperatures between 217 and 273 °C from fluids with salinities between 1.7 and 6.4 wt% NaCl equiv. The oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18Owater-VSMOW of +3.7 to +1.1‰) indicate that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from magmatic water with the input of meteoric water in the later ore-stages. Sulfur isotopic values of sulfide minerals vary over a narrow range from −5.0 to −0.9‰VCDT (averaging −2.2‰VCDT), suggesting that sulfur was derived from a homogeneous magmatic source. The fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicate that fluid boiling and mixing facilitated hydrothermal alteration and mineralization at Zajkan. Our data suggest that the Zajkan deposit is an intermediate-sulfidation style epithermal mineralization. The estimated ore formation depth of Zajkan indicates minor denudation in the region and may imply a great prospecting potential for other epithermal mineralization in the THMB.
AbstractList [Display omitted] •The Zajkan deposit is an intermediate-sulfidation style of epithermal mineralization.•Fluid boiling and mixing facilitated hydrothermal alteration and mineralization.•Stable isotopes suggest the ore-fluid system evolved from magmatic to meteoric.•Mineralization at Zajkan is related to late Eocene magmatic-hydrothermal activity at THMB. In the Zajkan Pb–Zn–Cu (Au–Ag) deposit of the Tarom–Hashtjin metallogenic belt (THMB), northwest Iran, mineralization occurs as quartz-base metal sulfide veins hosted by Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Karaj Formation. Four stages of ore formation are identified at Zajkan: (1) quartz-chalcopyrite-pyrite veins, (2) quartz-galena-sphalerite ± chalcopyrite ± pyrite veins and breccias, (3) quartz-hematite veins and breccias, and (4) barren quartz-carbonate veinlets. The primary metallic minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and trace amounts of hematite; gangue minerals are mainly quartz, sericite, chlorite, and calcite. The main wall-rock alteration is silicification, and intermediate argillic, and propylitic alteration. The coexistence of different types of fluid inclusions (LV, VL, and V) in individual fluid inclusion assemblages in quartz and sphalerite suggests boiling and heterogeneous trapping. Excluding the heterogeneously entrapped fluid inclusions, the microthermometric measurements of primary LV fluid inclusion assemblages in quartz and sphalerite indicate that the veins were formed at temperatures between 217 and 273 °C from fluids with salinities between 1.7 and 6.4 wt% NaCl equiv. The oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18Owater-VSMOW of +3.7 to +1.1‰) indicate that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from magmatic water with the input of meteoric water in the later ore-stages. Sulfur isotopic values of sulfide minerals vary over a narrow range from −5.0 to −0.9‰VCDT (averaging −2.2‰VCDT), suggesting that sulfur was derived from a homogeneous magmatic source. The fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicate that fluid boiling and mixing facilitated hydrothermal alteration and mineralization at Zajkan. Our data suggest that the Zajkan deposit is an intermediate-sulfidation style epithermal mineralization. The estimated ore formation depth of Zajkan indicates minor denudation in the region and may imply a great prospecting potential for other epithermal mineralization in the THMB.
Author Kouhestani, Hossein
Mokhtari, Mir Ali Asghar
Zhao, Junxing
Qin, Kezhang
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  givenname: Mir Ali Asghar
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  givenname: Junxing
  surname: Zhao
  fullname: Zhao, Junxing
  organization: Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Keywords Tarom–Hashtjin
Iran
Intermediate-sulfidation
Fluid inclusion
Stable isotopes
Zajkan
Ore genesis
Language English
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Snippet [Display omitted] •The Zajkan deposit is an intermediate-sulfidation style of epithermal mineralization.•Fluid boiling and mixing facilitated hydrothermal...
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SubjectTerms Fluid inclusion
Intermediate-sulfidation
Iran
Ore genesis
Stable isotopes
Tarom–Hashtjin
Zajkan
Title Fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints on ore genesis of the Zajkan epithermal base metal deposit, Tarom–Hashtjin metallogenic belt, NW Iran
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