Effects of oceanographic changes on controlling the stability of gas hydrates and the formation of authigenic carbonates at mud volcanoes and seepage sites on the Iberian margin of the Gulf of Cadiz
The Gulf of Cadiz is characterized by extensive active and inactive fluid escape structures which manifest as mud volcanoes, diapiric ridges, pockmarks and cold seeps. The high methane content and the presence of gas hydrates in the shallow sediments of the most active fluid escape structures indica...
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| Published in | Marine geology Vol. 412; pp. 69 - 80 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Elsevier B.V
01.06.2019
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| Abstract | The Gulf of Cadiz is characterized by extensive active and inactive fluid escape structures which manifest as mud volcanoes, diapiric ridges, pockmarks and cold seeps. The high methane content and the presence of gas hydrates in the shallow sediments of the most active fluid escape structures indicate that these are areas of preferential migration and escape of fluids enriched in hydrocarbons and methane. Extensive fields of methane-derived authigenic carbonates are found at fluid escape structures along the upper and mid-continental slope, where the Mediterranean Outflow water is in direct contact with the seafloor, at water depths generally <1400 m. These methane-derived authigenic carbonates occur in much higher abundance at these shallower depths than in the fluid escape structures of the deeper (>1400 m) parts of the basin. The estimated U/Th ages of the authigenic carbonates, suggest that they were probably formed during discrete episodes of gas hydrate activity that may have occurred as a result of rapid climatic changes (such as the termination of the last glacial stage.) Numerical modelling indicates that seafloor temperature variations, associated with glacial/interglacial cycles and the changes of the Mediterranean Outflow pathway, could have restricted or eliminated the gas hydrate stability zone at the mud volcanoes shallower than 1400 m, resulting in intense fluxes of methane-rich fluids to the shallow sediments or even the seafloor. This fluid flux was recorded by the microbially mediated precipitation of authigenic carbonates.
•Authigenic carbonates are abundant at shallow mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz.•Mediterranean Outflow water is in direct contact with the seafloor at these sites.•Changes of the Mediterranean Outflow can destabilize gas hydrates at these sites.•Destabilization of gas hydrates promotes higher fluxes of methane-rich fluids.•High methane fluxes promote the precipitation of the authigenic carbonates. |
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| AbstractList | The Gulf of Cadiz is characterized by extensive active and inactive fluid escape structures which manifest as mud volcanoes, diapiric ridges, pockmarks and cold seeps. The high methane content and the presence of gas hydrates in the shallow sediments of the most active fluid escape structures indicate that these are areas of preferential migration and escape of fluids enriched in hydrocarbons and methane. Extensive fields of methane-derived authigenic carbonates are found at fluid escape structures along the upper and mid-continental slope, where the Mediterranean Outflow water is in direct contact with the seafloor, at water depths generally <1400 m. These methane-derived authigenic carbonates occur in much higher abundance at these shallower depths than in the fluid escape structures of the deeper (>1400 m) parts of the basin. The estimated U/Th ages of the authigenic carbonates, suggest that they were probably formed during discrete episodes of gas hydrate activity that may have occurred as a result of rapid climatic changes (such as the termination of the last glacial stage.) Numerical modelling indicates that seafloor temperature variations, associated with glacial/interglacial cycles and the changes of the Mediterranean Outflow pathway, could have restricted or eliminated the gas hydrate stability zone at the mud volcanoes shallower than 1400 m, resulting in intense fluxes of methane-rich fluids to the shallow sediments or even the seafloor. This fluid flux was recorded by the microbially mediated precipitation of authigenic carbonates.
•Authigenic carbonates are abundant at shallow mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz.•Mediterranean Outflow water is in direct contact with the seafloor at these sites.•Changes of the Mediterranean Outflow can destabilize gas hydrates at these sites.•Destabilization of gas hydrates promotes higher fluxes of methane-rich fluids.•High methane fluxes promote the precipitation of the authigenic carbonates. |
| Author | Pinheiro, Luis M. Buffett, Bruce McGuire, Patrick C. Magalhaes, Vitor H. Archer, David Gardner, Joan M. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Vitor H. orcidid: 0000-0002-3205-771X surname: Magalhaes fullname: Magalhaes, Vitor H. email: vitor.magalhaes@ipma.pt organization: Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) Marine Geology and Georesources Division, Lisbon, Portugal – sequence: 2 givenname: Bruce surname: Buffett fullname: Buffett, Bruce email: bbuffett@berkeley.edu organization: Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: David surname: Archer fullname: Archer, David email: archer@uchicago.edu organization: Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Patrick C. surname: McGuire fullname: McGuire, Patrick C. organization: Department of Meteorology, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK – sequence: 5 givenname: Luis M. surname: Pinheiro fullname: Pinheiro, Luis M. email: lmp@ua.pt organization: University of Aveiro, Geosciences Department and CESAM, Aveiro, Portugal – sequence: 6 givenname: Joan M. surname: Gardner fullname: Gardner, Joan M. email: joan.gardner@nrl.navy.mil organization: US Naval Research Laboratory, Remote Sensing Div., Washington, DC, USA |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_earscirev_2023_104487 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00367_021_00696_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jgsce_2024_205239 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dsr_2024_104330 crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_9953026 crossref_primary_10_3389_feart_2022_985597 |
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| Keywords | Gas hydrates Mud volcanism Gulf of Cadiz Methane-derived authigenic carbonates |
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| SubjectTerms | Gas hydrates Gulf of Cadiz Methane-derived authigenic carbonates Mud volcanism |
| Title | Effects of oceanographic changes on controlling the stability of gas hydrates and the formation of authigenic carbonates at mud volcanoes and seepage sites on the Iberian margin of the Gulf of Cadiz |
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