Successive Negative Contrast Effects in a Risk-Sensitive Foraging Procedure

Although a wealth of studies have evidenced successive negative contrast effects in instrumental or operant procedures, relatively few studies have determined if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality alters foraging behaviour. In light of research by ecologists and psychologists in the area o...

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Published inCanadian journal of experimental psychology Vol. 74; no. 3; pp. 244 - 251
Main Authors Craft, Baine B., James, Waverly A., Reaves, Danielle L., Olson, Clara J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Ottawa Educational Publishing Foundation 01.09.2020
Canadian Psychological Association
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ISBN1433894092
9781433894091
ISSN1196-1961
1878-7290
1878-7290
DOI10.1037/cep0000211

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Abstract Although a wealth of studies have evidenced successive negative contrast effects in instrumental or operant procedures, relatively few studies have determined if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality alters foraging behaviour. In light of research by ecologists and psychologists in the area of risk-sensitive foraging, this area would serve as an adequate framework to examine the effects of a sudden downshift in reward quality on foraging behaviour. Therefore, the purpose of the current experiment was to explore if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality altered risk-sensitive foraging in rats. Subjects chose between a variable and fixed option that returned the same mean amount of sugar pellets, but one group of subjects (i.e., contrast group) were downshifted from 100% to 20% sugar pellets, whereas an unshifted control group received 20% sugar pellets throughout the study. Consistent with past risk-sensitive foraging research where reward quality was manipulated, subjects in the contrast group displayed significantly more risk-prone choices when reward quality was decreased from 100% to 20% sugar. However, the change in choice was inconsistent with contrast effects observed in prior contrast experiments. In addition to choice behaviour, other behavioural measures (e.g., rejected food, latency to choice) were significantly different between the unshifted control and contrast group and across conditions in the contrast group (e.g., latency to choice and rejected food significantly increased when reward quality changed from 100% to 20% sugar). These findings revealed a contrast effect and were similar to past contrast studies where reward quality was downshifted. Thus, when foragers experience a sudden downshift in reward quality, they may display significant behavioural changes and, in turn, display a bias for patches that yield a greater reward quality despite potentially lower payoffs. Bien que de nombreuses études aient mis en évidence des effets successifs de contraste négatif lors de procédures de conditionnement instrumental ou opérant, relativement peu d'études ont déterminé si (et dans quelle mesure) une rétrogradation soudaine de la qualité de la récompense modifie le comportement de recherche de nourriture. À la lumière d'études menées par des écologistes et des psychologues dans le domaine de la recherche de nourriture en fonction du risque, il apparait que ce domaine pourrait servir de cadre adéquat pour examiner les effets d'une rétrogradation soudaine de la qualité de la récompense sur le comportement de recherche de nourriture. Par conséquent, le but de la présente expérience consistait à voir si (et dans quelle mesure) une rétrogradation soudaine de la qualité de la récompense modifiait la recherche de nourriture en fonction du risque chez les rats. Les sujets devaient choisir entre une option fixe et une option variable qui leur donnait la même quantité moyenne de granules de sucre. Un groupe de sujets (le groupe de contraste) voyait sa récompense en granules rétrogradée de 100 % à 20 %, tandis que l'autre groupe continuait de recevoir 20 % de granules de sucre tout au long de l'étude. Les sujets du groupe de contraste faisaient des choix plus dangereux lorsque la qualité de la récompense était diminuée de 100 % à 20 %, ce qui concorde avec les résultats d'études antérieures menées sur la recherche de nourriture en fonction du risque assortie d'une manipulation de la qualité de la récompense. Cependant, le changement au chapitre du choix ne concordait pas avec les effets de contraste observés lors d'expériences de contraste antérieures. Outre le comportement en matière de choix, d'autres mesures du comportement (p. ex., le rejet de nourriture, la latence par rapport au choix) différaient considérablement entre le groupe de contrôle et le groupe de contraste, ainsi que parmi les différentes conditions d'étude du groupe de contraste (p. ex., la latence par rapport au choix et le rejet de la nourriture augmentaient de façon importante lorsque la récompense sucrée passait de 100 % à 20 %). Ces constatations dénotaient un effet de contraste et étaient analogues à celles d'études antérieures sur le contraste où la qualité de la récompense était rétrogradée. Ainsi, lorsque les animaux à la recherche de nourriture connaissent une baisse soudaine de la qualité de la récompense, leur comportement peut changer de façon considérable et ils peuvent avoir tendance à choisir les carreaux qui produisent une récompense de meilleure qualité, en dépit de la possibilité d'une réduction des gains. Public Significance Statement This study sheds light on how changes in food quality impact risky decision-making. Subjects were given the choice between a risky or fixed amount of food. Preference for the risky option increased when the quality of food was changed from a high sugar reward to a low sugar reward.
AbstractList In light of research by ecologists and psychologists in the area of risk-sensitive foraging, this area would serve as an adequate framework to examine the effects of a sudden downshift in reward quality on foraging behaviour. [...]the purpose of the current experiment was to explore if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality altered risk-sensitive foraging in rats. [...]when foragers experience a sudden downshift in reward quality, they may display significant behavioural changes and, in turn, display a bias for patches that yield a greater reward quality despite potentially lower payoffs. Because of the association between discriminative stimuli and a particular reward delivered within a conditioning environment (such as a maze or operant chamber), the presence of cues and the sudden decrease in, or omission of, previously available reinforcers results in the elevation of some behaviours (e.g., search behaviours like locomotion) and the suppression of other behaviours (e.g., handling and consummatory behaviours). [...]when rats were given a 4% sucrose solution following 14 days of a 32% sucrose solution, subjects consumed less sucrose solution in comparison to rats that always received the 4% sucrose solution (Pecoraro et al., 1999). [...]of the availability of alternative patches, rats that received the downshift from 32% to 4% sucrose increased search behaviours (e.g., locomotion) in comparison to rats that always received the 4% solution.
Although a wealth of studies have evidenced successive negative contrast effects in instrumental or operant procedures, relatively few studies have determined if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality alters foraging behaviour. In light of research by ecologists and psychologists in the area of risk-sensitive foraging, this area would serve as an adequate framework to examine the effects of a sudden downshift in reward quality on foraging behaviour. Therefore, the purpose of the current experiment was to explore if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality altered risk-sensitive foraging in rats. Subjects chose between a variable and fixed option that returned the same mean amount of sugar pellets, but one group of subjects (i.e., contrast group) were downshifted from 100% to 20% sugar pellets, whereas an unshifted control group received 20% sugar pellets throughout the study. Consistent with past risk-sensitive foraging research where reward quality was manipulated, subjects in the contrast group displayed significantly more risk-prone choices when reward quality was decreased from 100% to 20% sugar. However, the change in choice was inconsistent with contrast effects observed in prior contrast experiments. In addition to choice behaviour, other behavioural measures (e.g., rejected food, latency to choice) were significantly different between the unshifted control and contrast group and across conditions in the contrast group (e.g., latency to choice and rejected food significantly increased when reward quality changed from 100% to 20% sugar). These findings revealed a contrast effect and were similar to past contrast studies where reward quality was downshifted. Thus, when foragers experience a sudden downshift in reward quality, they may display significant behavioural changes and, in turn, display a bias for patches that yield a greater reward quality despite potentially lower payoffs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)
Although a wealth of studies have evidenced successive negative contrast effects in instrumental or operant procedures, relatively few studies have determined if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality alters foraging behaviour. In light of research by ecologists and psychologists in the area of risk-sensitive foraging, this area would serve as an adequate framework to examine the effects of a sudden downshift in reward quality on foraging behaviour. Therefore, the purpose of the current experiment was to explore if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality altered risk-sensitive foraging in rats. Subjects chose between a variable and fixed option that returned the same mean amount of sugar pellets, but one group of subjects (i.e., contrast group) were downshifted from 100% to 20% sugar pellets, whereas an unshifted control group received 20% sugar pellets throughout the study. Consistent with past risk-sensitive foraging research where reward quality was manipulated, subjects in the contrast group displayed significantly more risk-prone choices when reward quality was decreased from 100% to 20% sugar. However, the change in choice was inconsistent with contrast effects observed in prior contrast experiments. In addition to choice behaviour, other behavioural measures (e.g., rejected food, latency to choice) were significantly different between the unshifted control and contrast group and across conditions in the contrast group (e.g., latency to choice and rejected food significantly increased when reward quality changed from 100% to 20% sugar). These findings revealed a contrast effect and were similar to past contrast studies where reward quality was downshifted. Thus, when foragers experience a sudden downshift in reward quality, they may display significant behavioural changes and, in turn, display a bias for patches that yield a greater reward quality despite potentially lower payoffs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Although a wealth of studies have evidenced successive negative contrast effects in instrumental or operant procedures, relatively few studies have determined if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality alters foraging behaviour. In light of research by ecologists and psychologists in the area of risk-sensitive foraging, this area would serve as an adequate framework to examine the effects of a sudden downshift in reward quality on foraging behaviour. Therefore, the purpose of the current experiment was to explore if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality altered risk-sensitive foraging in rats. Subjects chose between a variable and fixed option that returned the same mean amount of sugar pellets, but one group of subjects (i.e., contrast group) were downshifted from 100% to 20% sugar pellets, whereas an unshifted control group received 20% sugar pellets throughout the study. Consistent with past risk-sensitive foraging research where reward quality was manipulated, subjects in the contrast group displayed significantly more risk-prone choices when reward quality was decreased from 100% to 20% sugar. However, the change in choice was inconsistent with contrast effects observed in prior contrast experiments. In addition to choice behaviour, other behavioural measures (e.g., rejected food, latency to choice) were significantly different between the unshifted control and contrast group and across conditions in the contrast group (e.g., latency to choice and rejected food significantly increased when reward quality changed from 100% to 20% sugar). These findings revealed a contrast effect and were similar to past contrast studies where reward quality was downshifted. Thus, when foragers experience a sudden downshift in reward quality, they may display significant behavioural changes and, in turn, display a bias for patches that yield a greater reward quality despite potentially lower payoffs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Although a wealth of studies have evidenced successive negative contrast effects in instrumental or operant procedures, relatively few studies have determined if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality alters foraging behaviour. In light of research by ecologists and psychologists in the area of risk-sensitive foraging, this area would serve as an adequate framework to examine the effects of a sudden downshift in reward quality on foraging behaviour. Therefore, the purpose of the current experiment was to explore if and how a sudden downshift in reward quality altered risk-sensitive foraging in rats. Subjects chose between a variable and fixed option that returned the same mean amount of sugar pellets, but one group of subjects (i.e., contrast group) were downshifted from 100% to 20% sugar pellets, whereas an unshifted control group received 20% sugar pellets throughout the study. Consistent with past risk-sensitive foraging research where reward quality was manipulated, subjects in the contrast group displayed significantly more risk-prone choices when reward quality was decreased from 100% to 20% sugar. However, the change in choice was inconsistent with contrast effects observed in prior contrast experiments. In addition to choice behaviour, other behavioural measures (e.g., rejected food, latency to choice) were significantly different between the unshifted control and contrast group and across conditions in the contrast group (e.g., latency to choice and rejected food significantly increased when reward quality changed from 100% to 20% sugar). These findings revealed a contrast effect and were similar to past contrast studies where reward quality was downshifted. Thus, when foragers experience a sudden downshift in reward quality, they may display significant behavioural changes and, in turn, display a bias for patches that yield a greater reward quality despite potentially lower payoffs. Bien que de nombreuses études aient mis en évidence des effets successifs de contraste négatif lors de procédures de conditionnement instrumental ou opérant, relativement peu d'études ont déterminé si (et dans quelle mesure) une rétrogradation soudaine de la qualité de la récompense modifie le comportement de recherche de nourriture. À la lumière d'études menées par des écologistes et des psychologues dans le domaine de la recherche de nourriture en fonction du risque, il apparait que ce domaine pourrait servir de cadre adéquat pour examiner les effets d'une rétrogradation soudaine de la qualité de la récompense sur le comportement de recherche de nourriture. Par conséquent, le but de la présente expérience consistait à voir si (et dans quelle mesure) une rétrogradation soudaine de la qualité de la récompense modifiait la recherche de nourriture en fonction du risque chez les rats. Les sujets devaient choisir entre une option fixe et une option variable qui leur donnait la même quantité moyenne de granules de sucre. Un groupe de sujets (le groupe de contraste) voyait sa récompense en granules rétrogradée de 100 % à 20 %, tandis que l'autre groupe continuait de recevoir 20 % de granules de sucre tout au long de l'étude. Les sujets du groupe de contraste faisaient des choix plus dangereux lorsque la qualité de la récompense était diminuée de 100 % à 20 %, ce qui concorde avec les résultats d'études antérieures menées sur la recherche de nourriture en fonction du risque assortie d'une manipulation de la qualité de la récompense. Cependant, le changement au chapitre du choix ne concordait pas avec les effets de contraste observés lors d'expériences de contraste antérieures. Outre le comportement en matière de choix, d'autres mesures du comportement (p. ex., le rejet de nourriture, la latence par rapport au choix) différaient considérablement entre le groupe de contrôle et le groupe de contraste, ainsi que parmi les différentes conditions d'étude du groupe de contraste (p. ex., la latence par rapport au choix et le rejet de la nourriture augmentaient de façon importante lorsque la récompense sucrée passait de 100 % à 20 %). Ces constatations dénotaient un effet de contraste et étaient analogues à celles d'études antérieures sur le contraste où la qualité de la récompense était rétrogradée. Ainsi, lorsque les animaux à la recherche de nourriture connaissent une baisse soudaine de la qualité de la récompense, leur comportement peut changer de façon considérable et ils peuvent avoir tendance à choisir les carreaux qui produisent une récompense de meilleure qualité, en dépit de la possibilité d'une réduction des gains. Public Significance Statement This study sheds light on how changes in food quality impact risky decision-making. Subjects were given the choice between a risky or fixed amount of food. Preference for the risky option increased when the quality of food was changed from a high sugar reward to a low sugar reward.
Author Craft, Baine B.
Olson, Clara J.
James, Waverly A.
Reaves, Danielle L.
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IssueTitle Comparative Cognition and Cognitive Ecology
Keywords recherche de nourriture en fonction du risque
risk-sensitive foraging
contraste négatif successif
rat
contraste de l'incitatif
incentive contrast
choice
choix
successive negative contrast
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Snippet Although a wealth of studies have evidenced successive negative contrast effects in instrumental or operant procedures, relatively few studies have determined...
In light of research by ecologists and psychologists in the area of risk-sensitive foraging, this area would serve as an adequate framework to examine the...
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StartPage 244
SubjectTerms Animal
Animal Foraging Behavior
Choice Behavior
Choice Shift
Eating Behavior
Experiments
Food
Foraging behavior
Incentives
Rats
Rewards
Sucrose
Title Successive Negative Contrast Effects in a Risk-Sensitive Foraging Procedure
URI http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/cep/74/3/244
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