Doing better for children
The well-being of children is high on the policy agenda across the OECD. But what is the actual state of child well-being today? How much are governments spending on children and are they spending it at the right times? What social and family policies have the most impact during children's earl...
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| Main Authors | , |
|---|---|
| Format | eBook Book |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Paris
OECD
2009
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development |
| Edition | 1 |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The well-being of children is high on the policy agenda across the OECD. But what is the actual state of child well-being today? How much are governments spending on children and are they spending it at the right times? What social and family policies have the most impact during children's earliest years? Is growing up in a single-parent household detrimental to children? Is inequality that persists across generations a threat to child well-being? This publication addresses these questions and more. Drawing on a wide range of data sources, it constructs and analyses different indicators of child well-being across the OECD. These indicators cover six key areas: material well-being; housing and environment; education; health and safety; risk behaviours; and quality of school life. They show that no one OECD country performs well in all areas and that every OECD country can do more to improve children's lives. (DIPF/Orig.). |
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| AbstractList | Drawing on a wide range of data sources, this book constructs and analyses different indicators of child well-being across the OECD. These indicators cover six key areas: material well‑being; housing and environment; education; health and safety; risk behaviours; and quality of school life. They show that no one OECD country performs well in all areas and that every OECD country can do more to improve childrens lives. How much countries are spending on children and when is also closely considered, the first time such a comparative exercise has been undertaken across the OECD. Additional chapters offer detailed examinations of countries policies for children under age three, the impact of single parenthood on children and the effect of inequalities across generations. The publication concludes with broad policy recommendations for improving child well-being. Drawing on a wide range of data sources, this publication constructs and analyses different indicators of child well-being across the OECD. These indicators cover six key areas: material well being; housing and environment; education; health and safety; risk behaviours; and quality of school life. They show that no one OECD country performs well in all areas and that every OECD country can do more to improve children's lives. How much countries are spending on children and when is also closely considered, the first time such a comparative exercise has been undertaken across the OECD. Additional chapters offer detailed examinations of countries' policies for children under age three, the impact of single parenthood on children and the effect of inequalities across generations. The publication concludes with broad policy recommendations for improving child well-being. The well-being of children is high on the policy agenda across the OECD. But what is the actual state of child well-being today? How much are governments spending on children and are they spending it at the right times? What social and family policies have the most impact during children's earliest years? Is growing up in a single-parent household detrimental to children? Is inequality that persists across generations a threat to child well-being? This publication addresses these questions and more. Drawing on a wide range of data sources, it constructs and analyses different indicators of child well-being across the OECD. These indicators cover six key areas: material well-being; housing and environment; education; health and safety; risk behaviours; and quality of school life. They show that no one OECD country performs well in all areas and that every OECD country can do more to improve children's lives. (DIPF/Orig.). |
| Author | Richardson, Dominic Chapple, Simon |
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| Snippet | The well-being of children is high on the policy agenda across the OECD. But what is the actual state of child well-being today? How much are governments... Drawing on a wide range of data sources, this book constructs and analyses different indicators of child well-being across the OECD. These indicators cover six... Drawing on a wide range of data sources, this publication constructs and analyses different indicators of child well-being across the OECD. These indicators... |
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| SubjectTerms | Allein erziehender Elternteil Child welfare Children Dänemark Einkommen Eltern Familie Familienpolitik Frühe Kindheit Geburt Gesundheitsfürsorge Großbritannien Internationaler Vergleich Jugendlicher Kind Kindergarten Kindeswohl Kleinkind Kleinkinderziehung Luxemburg Mexiko Mobilität Niederlande OECD countries OECD-Staaten Pränataler Einfluss Schule Schweden Social conditions Sozialer Status Statistics Türkei Ungleichheit USA Vorschule Vorschulerziehung |
| TableOfContents | Box 3.1. Age-spending profiles and Heckman's model of child investment -- The profiling method and data sources -- Limitations -- Box 3.2. A Swedish child age-expenditure profile -- Figure. Formal and informal expenditures for children aged 0-17 years, Sweden, 1995, by age -- Discussion of the child age-spending profiles -- Social expenditure by three major stages of childhood -- Figure 3.1. Public social expenditure per capita by stage of childhood, 2003 -- Table 3.1. Spending inequalities by age, 2003 -- Figure 3.2. Cash dominates social expenditure on children during infancy (< -- 2-years old), 2003 -- Figure 3.3. Child care is important in per capita social expenditure on children in early childhood, 2003 -- Figure 3.4. Education spending dominates during middle childhood, 2003 -- Figure 3.5. Education spending dominates during late childhood, 2003 -- Figure 3.6. Average social expenditure by child age by intervention as a proportion of median working-age household income, 2003 -- Distributional aspects of tax-benefit policy across the child's life cycle -- Method -- Countries considered -- Figure 3.7. Financial support for families with children varies with income level -- Eight-country comparison of net income and net transfers by family earned income level -- Figure 3.8. Net family income over the child life cycle for different levels of family income, families with two parents and two children, 2003 -- How do countries respond for single-parent families compared to two-parent families? -- Figure 3.9. Ratio of two-parent to single-parent net income over the child life cycle, 2003 -- How do countries respond for large families compared to small ones? -- Figure 3.10. Ratio of four-child family to two-child family net income, 2003 -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4. From Conception to Kindergarten -- Introduction Effect sizes across countries -- Table 5.2. Effect sizes of the impact of single parenthood on child well-being by country -- Effect sizes by type of outcome -- Table 5.3. Effect sizes of single parenthood by child well-being domain: a comparison with Amato (2000) -- Searching for causality -- The traditional approach to identifying causality -- New techniques to identify causality -- Box 5.2. Does timing of exposure to family structure matter for child wellbeing? -- Policy implications -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6. Childhood and Inter-generational Mobility -- Introduction -- What's wrong with inter-generational inequality? -- How much inter-generational inequality is there and how has it been changing over time? -- Patterns of inter-generational income inequality across the OECD -- Figure 6.1. Estimates of the inter-generational earnings elasticity for selected OECD countries -- Table 6.1. Inter-generational mobility across the earnings distribution -- Links between inter-generational and cross-sectional income inequality -- Figure 6.2. Inter-generational income elasticity, cross-county income inequality and returns to education -- Inter-generational inequality in education -- Figure 6.3. The inter-generational inequality of years of education -- Causes of inter-generational inequality -- Box 6.1. Parental time investment in children: a factor contributing to intergenerational inequality -- Table. Average hours per week spent by parents in child care across selected OECD countries -- Is the degree of inter-generational inequality too high, too low, or just right? -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 7. Doing Better for Children: The Way Forward -- Introduction -- The range of policy choices influencing child well-being -- The structure of public policy advice and service delivery for children -- Child strategies Intro -- Foreword -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1. Summary of Key Findings -- Introduction -- Structure and summary of the report -- How to invest to enhance child well-being -- What to do across a child's life cycle -- Things to do less of and things to keep an eye on -- Chapter 2. Comparative Child Well-being across the OECD -- Introduction -- An overview of child well-being across OECD member countries -- Table 2.1. Comparative policy-focused child well-being in 30 OECD countries -- What is child well-being? -- A closer look at child well-being -- Review of the child well-being literature -- Cross-country comparisons of child well-being -- Table 2.2. UNICEF shows high overall levels of child well-being are achieved by the Netherlands and Sweden and low levels by the United States and the United Kingdom -- Selecting child well-being dimensions and indicators -- The six dimensions -- Box 2.1. Child well-being by age: what indicators would be desirable? -- Selection of indicators -- Practical limitations -- Table 2.3. Selection of child well-being indicators: summary -- Table 2.4. Breakdown of child well-being indicators by sex, age and migrant status -- The OECD child well-being indicator rationalised and compared -- Material well-being -- Figure 2.1. Average income of children is seven times higher in Luxembourg than in Turkey -- Figure 2.2. Child poverty is nine times higher in Turkey than in Denmark -- Figure 2.3. Most 15-year-old children have the basic school necessities -- Housing and environment -- Figure 2.4. On average, one in three children across the OECD lives in overcrowded conditions -- Figure 2.5. Local environmental conditions are poor for a quarter of OECD children -- Education -- Figure 2.6. Average educational achievement of 15-year-olds across the OECD Figure 2.7. Inequality in educational achievement for 15-year-olds across the OECD -- Figure 2.8. Youth not in education, training or employment (NEET) varies greatly across the OECD -- Health and safety -- Box 2.2. The well-being of child migrants -- Figure. Migrant students are more educationally deprived than native students -- Figure. Migrant students often perform worse than their nativeborn peers -- Figure. Inequalities in literacy scores are most marked in the migrant population -- Figure 2.9. There is large variation in infant mortality between Turkey and Mexico and the rest of the OECD -- Figure 2.10. Children born in Nordic countries are least likely to be underweight -- Figure 2.11. The majority of OECD children are breastfed at some point during infancy -- Figure 2.12. Eastern European OECD members have the best immunisation rates -- Figure 2.13. Only one in five older children does the recommended amount of physical activity across the OECD -- Figure 2.14. There is moderate variation in child mortality across the OECD -- Figure 2.15. Rates of suicide are higher among male youth in all OECD countries -- Risk behaviours -- Figure 2.16. No country ranks consistently high or low on risk-taking measures -- Figure 2.17. Across the OECD there is enormous variation in rates of teen births -- Quality of school life -- Figure 2.18. High numbers of children experience bullying in some countries -- Figure 2.19. Most OECD children do not like school -- Summary -- References -- Annex 2.A1. Relationships between the OECD Child Well-being Indicators -- Table 2.A1.1. Correlations between child well-being indicators -- Table 2.A1.2. Correlations between child well-being indicators (without Turkey) -- Chapter 3. Social Spending across the Child's Life Cycle -- Introduction -- Why consider social spending on children by age? Table 4.1. Scope of early policy interventions to enhance child well-being from conception to kindergarten across the OECD -- Pre-natal period -- Pre-natal care -- Figure 4.1. Medicalisation of the pre-natal system (about 2005) -- Figure 4.2. Recommended pre-natal care schedule (number of child visits) -- Box 4.1. Does pre-natal care enhance child well-being? -- Nutrition voucher programmes -- Maternal leave before birth -- Figure 4.3. Maximum and minimum pre-natal paid leave (for countries with paid maternal leave) -- Pre-natal maternal health booklets -- Birth -- Hospitalisation -- Figure 4.4. Days in hospital following a normal hospital birth -- Birth grants -- Baby friendly hospitals -- Post-natal period -- Universal preventive post-natal care -- Figure 4.5. Medicalisation of the post-natal system (births per paediatrician) -- Child health booklets in the OECD -- Post-natal maternal, paternal and parental leave -- Box 4.2. Does parental leave enhance child well-being? -- Child benefits and younger children -- Table 4.2. Child age and the child benefit (or tax rebate) payment rate -- Child care and early childhood education -- Figure 4.6. Enrolment rates in child care/early childhood education around 2005 -- Box 4.3. Does child care and early childhood education enhance child wellbeing? -- Targeted early childhood interventions -- Table 4.3. Dimensions of targeted early childhood interventions -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5. Child Well-being and Single Parenthood -- Introduction -- Box 5.1. What is meta-analysis? -- Family structure across the OECD -- Table 5.1. Family structure across 25 OECD countries for 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds (%) -- Why might single-parent family structure matter for enhancing child well-being? -- What is the effect on children of growing up in a single-parent family? A cross- OECD meta-analysis Target-setting |
| Title | Doing better for children |
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