Tectonic evolution, prospectivity and structural studies of the hanging wall of Main Boundary Thrust along Akhurwal-Kohat transect, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: implications for future exploration
The contemporary research work is focused on the geological mapping, subsurface interpretation, and restoration along the Kohat-Akhurwal transect Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This research is an attempt to comprehend the structural analysis of the transect A-B along the Akhurwal-Kohat in respect of...
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| Published in | Arabian journal of geosciences Vol. 14; no. 4 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Cham
Springer International Publishing
01.02.2021
Springer Nature B.V |
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| Abstract | The contemporary research work is focused on the geological mapping, subsurface interpretation, and restoration along the Kohat-Akhurwal transect Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This research is an attempt to comprehend the structural analysis of the transect A-B along the Akhurwal-Kohat in respect of subsurface interpretation, evaluation of decollements, and the structural correlation between surface and subsurface rocks. The collected field data was integrated into an internally consistent workflow in MOVE software 2016.1® in order to interpolate and extrapolate beyond known points to better constrain structural interpretation and validation. The cross section along the regional transect A-B which is 38,034.0 m in length was constructed based on detailed structural mapping conducted during the field. The restoration of the section A-B was conducted through the algorithm with the help software. Total shortening calculated along the line A-B is 45.71%. The north-western part of the study area is relatively more deformed and exposes the older rocks. The general rock trend of both the Kotal and the adjacent Kohat Basin in the cross section deviates from the east-west to the west-north-west as we move from the east to the west. The restoration of the section A-B implies that the subject area is intensely deformed by the tectonic stresses since Miocene time. |
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| AbstractList | The contemporary research work is focused on the geological mapping, subsurface interpretation, and restoration along the Kohat-Akhurwal transect Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This research is an attempt to comprehend the structural analysis of the transect A-B along the Akhurwal-Kohat in respect of subsurface interpretation, evaluation of decollements, and the structural correlation between surface and subsurface rocks. The collected field data was integrated into an internally consistent workflow in MOVE software 2016.1® in order to interpolate and extrapolate beyond known points to better constrain structural interpretation and validation. The cross section along the regional transect A-B which is 38,034.0 m in length was constructed based on detailed structural mapping conducted during the field. The restoration of the section A-B was conducted through the algorithm with the help software. Total shortening calculated along the line A-B is 45.71%. The north-western part of the study area is relatively more deformed and exposes the older rocks. The general rock trend of both the Kotal and the adjacent Kohat Basin in the cross section deviates from the east-west to the west-north-west as we move from the east to the west. The restoration of the section A-B implies that the subject area is intensely deformed by the tectonic stresses since Miocene time. |
| ArticleNumber | 277 |
| Author | Yaseen, Muhammad Wahid, Sohail Ahmad, Sajjad Mehmood, Mubashir Ahmad, Jawad Rehman, Gohar Anjum, Muhammad Naveed |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Muhammad orcidid: 0000-0002-0740-0635 surname: Yaseen fullname: Yaseen, Muhammad email: yaseengeo@awkum.edu.pk organization: Faculty of Physical and Numerical Sciences, Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan – sequence: 2 givenname: Sohail surname: Wahid fullname: Wahid, Sohail organization: National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar – sequence: 3 givenname: Sajjad surname: Ahmad fullname: Ahmad, Sajjad organization: Department of Geology, University of Peshawar – sequence: 4 givenname: Gohar surname: Rehman fullname: Rehman, Gohar organization: Department of Geology, University of Peshawar – sequence: 5 givenname: Jawad surname: Ahmad fullname: Ahmad, Jawad organization: Faculty of Physical and Numerical Sciences, Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan – sequence: 6 givenname: Muhammad Naveed surname: Anjum fullname: Anjum, Muhammad Naveed organization: Department of Geology, University of Peshawar – sequence: 7 givenname: Mubashir surname: Mehmood fullname: Mehmood, Mubashir organization: Faculty of Physical and Numerical Sciences, Department of Geology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.jseaes.2003.12.008 10.1016/0040-1951(86)90206-4 10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<161:TOSEIT>2.0.CO;2 10.1144/gsjgs.140.6.0849 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90187-X 10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00121-6 10.1016/0040-1951(80)90134-1 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1443:CODMAM>2.0.CO;2 10.1016/0012-821X(83)90195-4 10.1017/S026359330001066X 10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1560:SHOTEI>2.0.CO;2 |
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| Keywords | Structural transect Kotal-Kohat ranges Tectonic MBT |
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| References | Gansser A (1980b) The significance of the Himalayan suture zone. Tectonophysics 62 (1-2):37-52 JohnsonGDPowellCMAVeeversJJSpreading history of the eastern Indian Ocean, and greater India’s northwards flight from Antarctica and AustraliaGeol Soc Am Bull1976871560156610.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1560:SHOTEI>2.0.CO;2 McKenzieDPSclaterJGWilsonJTThe evolution of the Indian OceanContinents, adrift and continents aground1976Scientific AmericanFreeman and Corporation139148 Paracha W (2004) Kohat plateau with reference to Himalayan tectonic general study, p.4651. 2004 Can Soc Expl Geophys Conf GhauriAAKRchmanORchmanSSA new structural model of the southern slopes of Kotal Pass, Kohat Division, NWFP, Pakistan; the problem of north-verging foldsGcol Bull Univ Pcshawar19831697104 SercombeWJPivnikDAStrattonMAAlbertinMBeckRAWilsonWPWrench faulting in the Northen Pakistan foreland, AAPGBulletin1998821120032030 TahirkheliRAKGeology of Himalaya, Karakorum and Hindukush in PakistanGeol Bull Univ Peshawar198215115 FatmiANLithostratigraphic units of Kohat-Potwar Province1974Indus BasinPrint. Corporation of Pakistan Press SeeberLArmbrusterJFarahADeJongKASeismicity of the Hazara arc in northern Pakistan: decollement versus basement faultingGeodynamics of Pakistan1979QuettaGeological Survey of Pakistan131142 Ahmad S, Hamidullah S, Khan MI, Himalaya J (2004) Structural transect of the western Kohat fold and thrust belt between Hangu and Basia Khel, NWFP, Pakistan. Proc. Ann. Tech. Conf. (ATC), Islamabad p 37–50 Gee E (1945) The age of the Saline Series of the Punjab and of Kohat: National Academy of Science Proceedings, v. 14 MalinconicoLLJrThe structure of the Kohistan arc terrain in northern Pakistan as inferred from gravity dataTectonophysics198612429730710.1016/0040-1951(86)90206-4 BurgJ-PCélérierBChaudhryNMGhazanfarMGnehmFSchnellmannMFault analysis and paleostress evolution in large strain regions: methodological and geological discussion of the southeastern Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt in PakistanJ Asian Earth Sci200524444546710.1016/j.jseaes.2003.12.008 Meissner CR Jr, Hussain M, Rashid MA, Sethi U (1975) Geology of the Parachinar Quadrangle, Pakistana; 2330-7102; US Govt. Print. Off.: p 24 YoshidaMZamanHKhadimIMAhmadMNAkramHKhadimIMZamanHYoshidaMPaleoposition of the Himalaya-Karakoram belt and surrounding terranes since Cretaceous Paleomagenetic reconstruction of three phases of collision historyPaleomagnetism of collision belts1997 Gansser A (1964) Geology of the Himalayas. Interscience Publishers London etc. (J.Wiley & Sons), p. 1-289 PinfoldENotes on structure and stratigraphy in the north-west PunjabRec Geol Surv India1918493137160 Smith HA, Chamberlain CP, Zeitler PK (1994) Timing and duration of Himalayan metamorphism within the Indo-Asian suture zone, Himalayas, northern Pakistan. Ph.D. thesis, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H., USA FraserJESearleMPParrishRRNobleSRChronology of deformation, metamorphism and magmatism in the southern Karakorum MountainsGeol Soc Am20011131443145510.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1443:CODMAM>2.0.CO;2 Windley BF (1983) Metamorphism and tectonics of the Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society 140(6):849-865 ChamberlainCPZeitlerPKYinAHarrisonTMAssembly of the crystalline terranes of the northwestern Himalaya and Karakorum, northwestern PakistanThe tectonic evolution of Asia1996New YorkCambridge University Press138148 Jan MQ, Asif M (1981) A speculative tectonic model for the evolution of NW Himalaya and Karakoram. Geological Bulletin of the University of Peshawar 14:199-201 Gansser A (1980a) The division between Himalaya and Karakorum Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar 13:9-22 HamidullahSOnstotTCAr40/Ar39 evidence for Late Cretaceous Formation of the KIA, NW, PakistanKashmir J Geol199210105122 ZeitlerPKTahirkheliRAKNaeserCWJhonsonNMUnroofing history of a suture zone in the Himalayas of Pakistan by means of fission track annealing agesEarth Planet Sci Lett19825722724010.1016/0012-821X(82)90187-X Powell CM (1979) A speculative tectonic history of Pakistan and surroundings; some constraints from the Indian ocean: Geodynamics of Pakistan, Geol. Survey,(Ouetta) WynneAA geological reconnaissance from the Indus at Kushalgarh to the Kurram at Thal on the Afghan frontierRec Geol Surv India187912100 Ali A (2007) Structural evaluation of the western Kohat Foreland Basin using modern structural restoration techniques (M.Phil. Thesis), Uni. of Pesh. KP. Pakistan LeFortPHimalayas: the collided range, Present knowledge of the continental arcAm J Sci1975275A144 TahirkheliRAKGeological evolution of KIA on the southern flank of Karakorum-Hindukush in PakistanBull Geofis Teor Appl19832599100351-364 Ahmad S (2003) A comparative study of structural styles in the Kohat Plateau, NW Himalayas, NWFP, Pakistan. Type. PHD thesis, University of Peshawar, Peshawar BardJPMetamorphism of the obducted island arc: example of Kohistan sequence in Pakistan Himalayan Collided RangeEarth Planet Sci Lett19836513314410.1016/0012-821X(83)90195-4 Davies L (1930) The fossil fauna of the Samana Range and some neighbouring areas. Part I: An Introductory Note, Geol. Survey India, Mem. Palaeont., NS, 15, 15 KhanKATAbbassiIAStructures in the hanging wall of Main Boundry Thrust: post-folding thrust and normal faults from the Kotal Pass area Kohat Ranges N. PakistanGcol Bull Univ Peshawar199023175186 Tahirkheli RAK (1979) Geology of Kohistan and adjoining Eurasian and Indo Pakistan continents, Karakorum Himalaya, Northern Pakistan. Special Issue Geological Bulletin University of Peshawar, II, 1-30 YeatsRSHussainATiming of structural events in the Himalayan foothills of northwestern PakistanGeol Soc Am19879917719810.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<161:TOSEIT>2.0.CO;2 Meissner CR Jr, Master J, Rashid M, Hussain M (1974) Stratigraphy of the Kohat quadrangle, Pakistan 2330-7102; US Govt. Print. Off.: pp 30 Khan AA (2011) Structural analysis of the Trans-Indus ranges: implications for the hydrocarbon potential of the NW Himalayas, Pakistan. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan GrelaudSSassiWde LamotteDFJaswalTRoureFKinematics of eastern Salt Range and South Potwar basin (Pakistan): a new scenarioMar Pet Geol20021991127113910.1016/S0264-8172(02)00121-6 Pudsey CJ, Coward MP, Luff IW, Shackleton RM, Windley BF, Jan MQ (1985) Collision zone between the Kohistan arc and the Asian plate in NW Pakistan. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 76(4):463-479 KhanMAhmedRRazaHAKemalAGeology of petroleum in Kohat-Potwar depression, PakistanAAPG Bull1986704396414 6651_CR10 6651_CR12 M Khan (6651_CR21) 1986; 70 6651_CR34 A Wynne (6651_CR38) 1879; 12 6651_CR11 6651_CR33 6651_CR13 S Hamidullah (6651_CR16) 1992; 10 6651_CR37 P LeFort (6651_CR22) 1975; 275A M Yoshida (6651_CR40) 1997 6651_CR17 JE Fraser (6651_CR9) 2001; 113 6651_CR19 KAT Khan (6651_CR20) 1990; 23 L Seeber (6651_CR31) 1979 RAK Tahirkheli (6651_CR35) 1982; 15 E Pinfold (6651_CR28) 1918; 49 JP Bard (6651_CR4) 1983; 65 RAK Tahirkheli (6651_CR36) 1983; 25 GD Johnson (6651_CR18) 1976; 87 6651_CR7 DP McKenzie (6651_CR24) 1976 LL Malinconico Jr (6651_CR23) 1986; 124 6651_CR3 AN Fatmi (6651_CR8) 1974 6651_CR30 6651_CR2 6651_CR1 S Grelaud (6651_CR15) 2002; 19 6651_CR25 AAK Ghauri (6651_CR14) 1983; 16 6651_CR27 6651_CR26 6651_CR29 J-P Burg (6651_CR5) 2005; 24 WJ Sercombe (6651_CR32) 1998; 82 RS Yeats (6651_CR39) 1987; 99 PK Zeitler (6651_CR41) 1982; 57 CP Chamberlain (6651_CR6) 1996 |
| References_xml | – reference: FatmiANLithostratigraphic units of Kohat-Potwar Province1974Indus BasinPrint. Corporation of Pakistan Press – reference: ZeitlerPKTahirkheliRAKNaeserCWJhonsonNMUnroofing history of a suture zone in the Himalayas of Pakistan by means of fission track annealing agesEarth Planet Sci Lett19825722724010.1016/0012-821X(82)90187-X – reference: SeeberLArmbrusterJFarahADeJongKASeismicity of the Hazara arc in northern Pakistan: decollement versus basement faultingGeodynamics of Pakistan1979QuettaGeological Survey of Pakistan131142 – reference: FraserJESearleMPParrishRRNobleSRChronology of deformation, metamorphism and magmatism in the southern Karakorum MountainsGeol Soc Am20011131443145510.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1443:CODMAM>2.0.CO;2 – reference: Ahmad S, Hamidullah S, Khan MI, Himalaya J (2004) Structural transect of the western Kohat fold and thrust belt between Hangu and Basia Khel, NWFP, Pakistan. Proc. Ann. Tech. Conf. (ATC), Islamabad p 37–50 – reference: Davies L (1930) The fossil fauna of the Samana Range and some neighbouring areas. Part I: An Introductory Note, Geol. Survey India, Mem. Palaeont., NS, 15, 15 – reference: GhauriAAKRchmanORchmanSSA new structural model of the southern slopes of Kotal Pass, Kohat Division, NWFP, Pakistan; the problem of north-verging foldsGcol Bull Univ Pcshawar19831697104 – reference: Ali A (2007) Structural evaluation of the western Kohat Foreland Basin using modern structural restoration techniques (M.Phil. Thesis), Uni. of Pesh. KP. Pakistan – reference: TahirkheliRAKGeological evolution of KIA on the southern flank of Karakorum-Hindukush in PakistanBull Geofis Teor Appl19832599100351-364 – reference: Ahmad S (2003) A comparative study of structural styles in the Kohat Plateau, NW Himalayas, NWFP, Pakistan. Type. PHD thesis, University of Peshawar, Peshawar – reference: Jan MQ, Asif M (1981) A speculative tectonic model for the evolution of NW Himalaya and Karakoram. Geological Bulletin of the University of Peshawar 14:199-201 – reference: KhanKATAbbassiIAStructures in the hanging wall of Main Boundry Thrust: post-folding thrust and normal faults from the Kotal Pass area Kohat Ranges N. PakistanGcol Bull Univ Peshawar199023175186 – reference: Pudsey CJ, Coward MP, Luff IW, Shackleton RM, Windley BF, Jan MQ (1985) Collision zone between the Kohistan arc and the Asian plate in NW Pakistan. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 76(4):463-479 – reference: Gee E (1945) The age of the Saline Series of the Punjab and of Kohat: National Academy of Science Proceedings, v. 14 – reference: BardJPMetamorphism of the obducted island arc: example of Kohistan sequence in Pakistan Himalayan Collided RangeEarth Planet Sci Lett19836513314410.1016/0012-821X(83)90195-4 – reference: YoshidaMZamanHKhadimIMAhmadMNAkramHKhadimIMZamanHYoshidaMPaleoposition of the Himalaya-Karakoram belt and surrounding terranes since Cretaceous Paleomagenetic reconstruction of three phases of collision historyPaleomagnetism of collision belts1997 – reference: YeatsRSHussainATiming of structural events in the Himalayan foothills of northwestern PakistanGeol Soc Am19879917719810.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<161:TOSEIT>2.0.CO;2 – reference: Khan AA (2011) Structural analysis of the Trans-Indus ranges: implications for the hydrocarbon potential of the NW Himalayas, Pakistan. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan – reference: ChamberlainCPZeitlerPKYinAHarrisonTMAssembly of the crystalline terranes of the northwestern Himalaya and Karakorum, northwestern PakistanThe tectonic evolution of Asia1996New YorkCambridge University Press138148 – reference: GrelaudSSassiWde LamotteDFJaswalTRoureFKinematics of eastern Salt Range and South Potwar basin (Pakistan): a new scenarioMar Pet Geol20021991127113910.1016/S0264-8172(02)00121-6 – reference: TahirkheliRAKGeology of Himalaya, Karakorum and Hindukush in PakistanGeol Bull Univ Peshawar198215115 – reference: Smith HA, Chamberlain CP, Zeitler PK (1994) Timing and duration of Himalayan metamorphism within the Indo-Asian suture zone, Himalayas, northern Pakistan. Ph.D. thesis, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H., USA – reference: Windley BF (1983) Metamorphism and tectonics of the Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society 140(6):849-865 – reference: SercombeWJPivnikDAStrattonMAAlbertinMBeckRAWilsonWPWrench faulting in the Northen Pakistan foreland, AAPGBulletin1998821120032030 – reference: Gansser A (1980b) The significance of the Himalayan suture zone. Tectonophysics 62 (1-2):37-52 – reference: MalinconicoLLJrThe structure of the Kohistan arc terrain in northern Pakistan as inferred from gravity dataTectonophysics198612429730710.1016/0040-1951(86)90206-4 – reference: McKenzieDPSclaterJGWilsonJTThe evolution of the Indian OceanContinents, adrift and continents aground1976Scientific AmericanFreeman and Corporation139148 – reference: Meissner CR Jr, Master J, Rashid M, Hussain M (1974) Stratigraphy of the Kohat quadrangle, Pakistan 2330-7102; US Govt. Print. Off.: pp 30 – reference: BurgJ-PCélérierBChaudhryNMGhazanfarMGnehmFSchnellmannMFault analysis and paleostress evolution in large strain regions: methodological and geological discussion of the southeastern Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt in PakistanJ Asian Earth Sci200524444546710.1016/j.jseaes.2003.12.008 – reference: Gansser A (1964) Geology of the Himalayas. Interscience Publishers London etc. (J.Wiley & Sons), p. 1-289 – reference: Tahirkheli RAK (1979) Geology of Kohistan and adjoining Eurasian and Indo Pakistan continents, Karakorum Himalaya, Northern Pakistan. Special Issue Geological Bulletin University of Peshawar, II, 1-30 – reference: JohnsonGDPowellCMAVeeversJJSpreading history of the eastern Indian Ocean, and greater India’s northwards flight from Antarctica and AustraliaGeol Soc Am Bull1976871560156610.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1560:SHOTEI>2.0.CO;2 – reference: Paracha W (2004) Kohat plateau with reference to Himalayan tectonic general study, p.4651. 2004 Can Soc Expl Geophys Conf – reference: LeFortPHimalayas: the collided range, Present knowledge of the continental arcAm J Sci1975275A144 – reference: WynneAA geological reconnaissance from the Indus at Kushalgarh to the Kurram at Thal on the Afghan frontierRec Geol Surv India187912100 – reference: KhanMAhmedRRazaHAKemalAGeology of petroleum in Kohat-Potwar depression, PakistanAAPG Bull1986704396414 – reference: HamidullahSOnstotTCAr40/Ar39 evidence for Late Cretaceous Formation of the KIA, NW, PakistanKashmir J Geol199210105122 – reference: Powell CM (1979) A speculative tectonic history of Pakistan and surroundings; some constraints from the Indian ocean: Geodynamics of Pakistan, Geol. Survey,(Ouetta) – reference: Meissner CR Jr, Hussain M, Rashid MA, Sethi U (1975) Geology of the Parachinar Quadrangle, Pakistana; 2330-7102; US Govt. Print. 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| Snippet | The contemporary research work is focused on the geological mapping, subsurface interpretation, and restoration along the Kohat-Akhurwal transect Khyber... |
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| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Computer programs Cross-sections Deformation Earth and Environmental Science Earth science Earth Sciences Geologic mapping Geological mapping Hanging walls Mapping Miocene Original Paper Restoration Rock Rocks Software Structural analysis Tectonics Workflow |
| Title | Tectonic evolution, prospectivity and structural studies of the hanging wall of Main Boundary Thrust along Akhurwal-Kohat transect, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: implications for future exploration |
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